RNF216, encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as a causative gene for Gordon Holmes syndrome, characterized by ataxia, dementia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. However, it is still elusive how deficiency in RNF216 leads to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In this study, by using GN11 immature GnRH neuronal cell line, we demonstrated an important role of RNF216 in the GnRH neuron migration. RNA interference of RNF216 inhibited GN11 cell migration, but had no effect on the proliferation of GN11 cells or GnRH expression. Knockdown of RNF216 increased the protein levels of its targets, Arc and Beclin1. RNAi of Beclin1, but not Arc, normalized the suppressive effect caused by RNF216 knockdown. As Beclin1 plays a critical role in the autophagy regulation, we further demonstrated that RNAi of RNF216 led to increase in autophagy, and autophagy inhibitor CQ and 3-MA rescued the GN11 cell migration deficit caused by RNF216 knockdown. We further demonstrated that pharmacological increase autophagy by rapamycin could suppress the GN11 cell migration. We thus have identified that RNF216 regulates the migration of GnRH neuron by suppressing Beclin1 mediated autophagy, and indicated a potential contribution of autophagy to the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

A convenient and highly sensitive bioassay employing graphene oxide (GO) as a nanocarrier and nicking enzyme (Nb.BbvC I)-assisted signal amplification was developed to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the assay employed a DNA probe with a capture probe (CP) and a help probe (HP), which were designed to bind the target and signal probe (SP), respectively. In the absence of the target, the SP did not bind to the HP due to steric effects. Consequently, the fluorescence of carboxyfluorescein (FAM) was quenched by the black hole quenching group (BHQ). The CP specifically recognized the introduced target, which opened the HP that was bound to the SP. Nb.BbvC I cleaved the formed nicking site, which restored the fluorescence and simultaneously released the HP for the next round of reaction. The target densities, which ranged from 10 to 10⁷ colony-forming units (CFU) mL⁻¹, and the fluorescence intensity had a linear relationship. The limit of detection (LOD) under the optimal conditions was 5 CFU mL⁻¹. Moreover, this bioassay performed well in the analysis of water samples. These results demonstrate that this method is highly specific and sensitive for determining P. aeruginosa and is promising for the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Context Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous. Objective This work aimed to determine the correlation between genotypic severity with pubertal and neuroendocrine phenotypes in IHH men. Methods A retrospective study was conducted (1980-2020) examining olfaction (Kallmann syndrome [KS] vs normosmic IHH [nHH]), baseline testicular volume (absent vs partial puberty), neuroendocrine profiling (pulsatile vs apulsatile luteinizing hormone [LH] secretion), and genetic variants in 62 IHH-associated genes through exome sequencing (ES). Results In total, 242 men (KS: n = 131 [54%], nHH: n = 111 [46%]) were included. Men with absent puberty had significantly lower gonadotropin levels (P < .001) and were more likely to have undetectable LH (P < .001). Logistic regression showed partial puberty as a statistically significant predictor of pulsatile LH secretion (R² = 0.71, P < .001, OR: 10.8; 95% CI, 3.6-38.6). Serum LH of 2.10 IU/L had a 95% true positive rate for predicting LH pulsatility. Genetic analyses in 204 of 242 IHH men with ES data available revealed 36 of 204 (18%) men carried protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in 12 IHH genes. Men with absent puberty and apulsatile LH were enriched for oligogenic PTVs (P < .001), with variants in ANOS1 being the predominant PTV in this genotype-phenotype association. Men with absent puberty were enriched for ANOS1 PTVs compared to partial puberty counterparts (P = .002). PTVs in other IHH genes imparted more variable reproductive phenotypic severity. Conclusion Partial puberty and LH greater than or equal to 2.10 IU/L are proxies for pulsatile LH secretion. ANOS1 PTVs confer severe reproductive phenotypes. Variable phenotypic severity in the face of severe genetic variants in other IHH genes point to significant neuroendocrine plasticity of the HPG axis in IHH men.

This study aimed to evaluate the safety profiles of FcRn antagonists, efgartigimod alfa and rozanolixizumab, in the treatment of myasthenia gravis using real-world adverse event data from the FAERS database. A disproportionality analysis was conducted employing Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) methods on reports from Q1 2022 to Q2 2025. The most frequently reported adverse events for efgartigimod alfa included falls, urinary tract infections, and symptom recurrence, with signals also detected for atrial fibrillation, peripheral neuropathy, and prostate cancer. For rozanolixizumab, common events were headache, diarrhea, and vomiting, with potential signals such as meningitis, hypersomnia, and feeding disorder. Subgroup analysis revealed gender-specific differences in adverse reactions. Most events occurred within 30 days of treatment initiation, though efgartigimod alfa showed a sustained risk beyond 180 days. The study identifies novel safety signals and highlights clinically relevant risk patterns, supporting enhanced monitoring in clinical use. It is crucial to emphasize that this disproportionality analysis is exploratory in nature and identifies potential associations, which do not establish causality and require confirmation through further dedicated studies.

An organocatalytic enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of trifluoro-ethylamine allenoate derivatives containing axial and central chiralities has been achieved.