Career decision-making difficulties are the challenges encountered by individuals before, during, or after choosing one’s career. This study tested the associations between career decision-making difficulties and depression, anxiety, and stress, considering the career decision status of participants. Students in a precollege preparatory program filled out questionnaires at the beginning and near the end of the academic year ( N = 137). The correlations between career decision-making difficulties, as measured by the Career Decision-Making Difficulties, and negative emotional states measured by the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, were positive at both administrations ( r _T1 = .24, r _T2 = .38). Using a multivariate analysis of variance, we have found that those who became more decided had fewer career decision-making difficulties ( d = 1.26). The changes in career decision status were not associated with either depression, anxiety, or stress. However, overall negative emotions intensified among students who were still undecided at the end of the year ( d = 0.72). Implications for research and practice are discussed.

As the use of process data in large-scale educational assessments is becoming more common, it is clear that data on examinees’ test-taking behaviors can illuminate their performance, and can have crucial ramifications concerning assessments’ validity. A thorough review of the literature in the field may inform researchers and practitioners of common findings as well as existing gaps. This literature review used topic modeling to identify themes in 221 empirical studies using process data in large-scale assessments. We identified six recurring topics: response time models, response time-general, aberrant test-taking behavior, action sequences, complex problem-solving, and digital writing. We also discuss the prominent theories used by studies in each category. Based on these findings, we suggest directions for future research applying process data from large-scale assessments.

Context Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous. Objective This work aimed to determine the correlation between genotypic severity with pubertal and neuroendocrine phenotypes in IHH men. Methods A retrospective study was conducted (1980-2020) examining olfaction (Kallmann syndrome [KS] vs normosmic IHH [nHH]), baseline testicular volume (absent vs partial puberty), neuroendocrine profiling (pulsatile vs apulsatile luteinizing hormone [LH] secretion), and genetic variants in 62 IHH-associated genes through exome sequencing (ES). Results In total, 242 men (KS: n = 131 [54%], nHH: n = 111 [46%]) were included. Men with absent puberty had significantly lower gonadotropin levels (P < .001) and were more likely to have undetectable LH (P < .001). Logistic regression showed partial puberty as a statistically significant predictor of pulsatile LH secretion (R² = 0.71, P < .001, OR: 10.8; 95% CI, 3.6-38.6). Serum LH of 2.10 IU/L had a 95% true positive rate for predicting LH pulsatility. Genetic analyses in 204 of 242 IHH men with ES data available revealed 36 of 204 (18%) men carried protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in 12 IHH genes. Men with absent puberty and apulsatile LH were enriched for oligogenic PTVs (P < .001), with variants in ANOS1 being the predominant PTV in this genotype-phenotype association. Men with absent puberty were enriched for ANOS1 PTVs compared to partial puberty counterparts (P = .002). PTVs in other IHH genes imparted more variable reproductive phenotypic severity. Conclusion Partial puberty and LH greater than or equal to 2.10 IU/L are proxies for pulsatile LH secretion. ANOS1 PTVs confer severe reproductive phenotypes. Variable phenotypic severity in the face of severe genetic variants in other IHH genes point to significant neuroendocrine plasticity of the HPG axis in IHH men.

An abbreviated version of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory, the CMNI-30, was developed with several strengths. However, its measurement invariance across men with different sexual orientations has not been examined in a U.S. sample, so it is unclear whether these different populations understand the items similarly. In addition, no studies have compared conformity to masculinity norms across sexual orientations. This would be important to understand sexual minority men’s experience of masculinity and how it differs from heteronormative masculinity. This article explores the measurement invariance of the CMNI-30 among 882 heterosexual, gay, and bisexual+ men using confirmatory factor analysis, and compares their CMNI-30 subscale scores. Results indicated that the CMNI-30 demonstrated residual invariance between men of different sexual orientations, suggesting that men of different sexual orientations interpreted the items similarly. We also found higher levels of conformity to the masculine norms of Winning, Heterosexual self-presentation, and Power over women among heterosexual men relative to gay and bisexual+ men, and higher levels of Pursuit of status among gay men relative to the other groups. Results provide support for the use of the CMNI-30 in research with men of different sexual orientations.