GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), a member of the GATA family transcription factors, is a key player in various physiological and pathological conditions. It is known for its ability to bind to the DNA sequence “GATA”, which enables its key role in critical processes in multiple tissues and organs including the immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. GATA3 also modulates cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis via controlling gene expression. In physiological instances, GATA3 is crucial for maintaining immunological homeostasis by mediating the development of naïve T cells into T helper 2 (Th2). In addition, GATA3 has been demonstrated to play a variety of cellular roles in the growth and maintenance of mammary gland, neuronal, and renal tissues. Conversely, the presence of impaired GATA3 is associated with a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Additionally, the altered expression of GATA3 contributes to the worsening of disease progression in hematological malignancies, such as T-cell lymphomas. Therefore, this review explores the multifaceted roles and signaling pathways of GATA3 in health and disease, with a particular emphasis on its potential as a therapeutic and prognostic target for the effective management of diseases.

Background/Objectives: Interleukin 12/23 inhibitors are a newer class of monoclonal antibodies used to induce and maintain remission for Crohn’s disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, when patients do not respond to conventional immunomodulatory drugs or first-line monoclonal antibody therapies. Although biologics are best administered intravenously, subcutaneous administration has been trialed, with mixed results. This research synthesized evidence on the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous compared to intravenous administration of interleukin 12/23 inhibitors for moderate to severe CD. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched Cochrane, PubMed, SCOPUS, CINHAL, and preprint archives for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous to intravenous interleukin 12/23 inhibitors for the remission of CD. After study quality assessment, a meta-analysis was carried out using a bias-adjusted inverse variance heterogeneity model, heterogeneity was assessed using I², and publication bias was performed using Doi plots. Evidence certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE). Results: Seven RCTs, with 2179 participants, all with moderate to severe CD, were included. After meta-analysis, subcutaneous compared to intravenous administration showed similar efficacy for the induction of remission (OR 0.77, 95%CI 0.53–1.12), with no-to-low heterogeneity (I² = 0%, p = 0.97). For the maintenance of remission, only two studies had analyzable data, and they showed that subcutaneous interleukin 12/23 inhibitors were equal or better compared to intravenous administration. Further syntheses showed that subcutaneous compared to intravenous administration of interleukin 12/23 inhibitors had almost similar odds of adverse events (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.63–1.32, I² = 39%), serious adverse events (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.61–1.53, I² = 0%), and treatment discontinuation (OR 1.06, 95%CI 0.67–1.68, I² = 0%). Conclusions: In individuals with moderate to severe CD, subcutaneous administration has similar efficacy for inducing remission with comparable safety. More RCTs are needed to confirm these findings.

Background: There is ongoing debate about the ideal blood glucose thresholds for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the lower International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) blood glucose to criteria which use higher blood glucose thresholds have not been conclusive.Objectives: This meta-analysis compared lower to higher blood glucose thresholds for GDM diagnosis in terms of GDM prevalence and adverse maternal and neonatal health outcomes.Methods: We searched Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and preprint archives up to May 30, 2025, for RCTs that compared lower to higher glucose thresholds in the diagnosis of GDM in pregnancy. Endpoints were GDM prevalence and adverse pregnancy outcomes. After study quality assessment, meta-analysis was done using an inverse variance heterogeneity model, heterogeneity was assessed using I2, and publication bias by funnel plots. The quality effects model was used to synthesize evidence that was presented using forest plots.Results: Ten RCTs, comparing IADPSG to higher blood glucose thresholds, with a total of 88,311 pregnant women, were included. After meta-analysis, the lower glycemic criteria compared to the higher glycemic criteria was associated with almost double the prevalence of GDM diagnosis (13.7% vs 8.04%, respectively) and the odds of GDM diagnosis (OR = 1.87, 95%CI 1.47-2.37, I2 = 93.4%), with moderate certainty GRADE evidence. For adverse pregnancy outcomes, the lower glycemic criteria compared to the higher glycemic criteria were associated with a trend towards lower odds for gestational hypertension (OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.30-1.07), and neonatal hypoglycemia (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.06-1.93, I2=88.2%). However, there were no differences between the glycemic thresholds for cesarean section (OR 0.94, 95% 0.78-1.13, I2= 0%). For all the outcomes, there was low certainty GRADE evidence.Conclusion: While the lower glycemic threshold results in close to double the prevalence of GDM and potentially higher workload for the healthcare system, this meta-analysis suggests that there may not be a difference in maternal and fetal outcomes when using lower vs higher thresholds in diagnosing GDM. However, the very low to low GRADE certainty suggests that further RCTs are needed to improve the certainty of evidence.

GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), a member of the GATA family transcription factors, is a key player in various physiological and pathological conditions. It has been known for its binding capacity to DNA sequence “GATA” enabling its involvement in critical developmental and functional processes occurring in multiple tissues and organs including the immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. GATA3 also modulates cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis via controlling gene expression. In physiological instances, GATA3 is crucial for maintaining immunological homeostasis by mediating the development of naïve T cells into T helper 2 (Th2). In addition, GATA3 is proposed to play a variety of cellular roles in the growth and maintenance of mammary gland, neuronal, and renal tissues. Conversely, the presence of impaired GATA3 is associated with a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Additionally, the altered expression of GATA3 contributes to the worsening of disease progression in haematological malignancies, such as T-cell lymphomas. Therefore, this review explores the multifaceted roles and signalling pathways of GATA3 in health and disease, with a particular emphasis on its potential as a therapeutic and prognostic target for the effective management of diseases.

Background and Aims: There is still uncertainty about the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous compared to intravenous administration of biologics for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remission. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched Cochrane, PubMed, SCOPUS, CINHAL, and preprint archives for trials that compared the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous and intravenous biologics for the induction and maintenance of IBD remission. Meta-analysis was carried out with a subgroup analysis for Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), heterogeneity using I², and publication bias using funnel plots. Results: A total of 14 randomized controlled trials, 9 on CD, 4 on UC, and 1 with data on both were included Subcutaneous, compared to intravenous administration, was less efficacious for the induction of remission; overall (OR 0.68, 95%CI 0.35–1.31, I² = 83%), worse in UC (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.07–1.79, I² = 91.2%), and showed similar efficacy in CD (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.73–1.30, I² = 0%). For the maintenance of remission, subcutaneous biologics were almost similar to intravenous biologics; overall (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.63–1.49, I² = 57.1%), with less efficacy in UC (OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.54–1.23, I² = 52%), but superior efficacy in CD (OR 1.81, 95%CI 1.09–3.01, I² = 0%). Subcutaneous, compared to intravenous biologics, showed slightly higher odds of treatment discontinuation (OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.02–1.71, I² = 14.2%), worse in UC (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.17–1.98, I² = 13%), and was similar to intravenous for CD (OR 1.03, 95%CI 0.65–1.62, I² = 0%). Conclusion: Subcutaneous administration has lower efficacy for the induction of remission but can achieve almost similar efficacy and safety in maintaining remission in IBD. Subcutaneous injection has better efficacy and safety in CD than in UC.