Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to greatly enhance AMR (Anti-microbial Resistance) surveillance. To characterize the prevalent pathogens and dissemination of various AMR-genes, 73 clinical isolates were obtained from blood and respiratory tract specimens, were characterized phenotypically by VITEK-2 (bioMerieux), and 23 selected isolates were genotypically characterized by WGS (Illumina). AST revealed high levels of resistance with 50.7% XDR, 32.9% MDR, and 16.4% non-MDR phenotype. A total of 11 K. pneumoniae revealed six sequence types, six K-locus, and four O-locus types, with ST437, KL36, and O4 being predominant types, respectively. They carried ESBL genes CTX-M-15 (90.9%), TEM-1D (72.7%), SHV-11 (54.5%), SHV-1, SHV-28, OXA-1, FONA-5, and SFO-1; NDM-5 (72.7%) and 63.6%OXA48-like carbapenamases; 90.9%OMP mutation; dfrA12, sul-1, ermB, mphA, qnrB1, gyrA831, and pmrB1 for other groups. Virulence gene found were Yerisiniabactin (90.9%), aerobactin, RmpADC, and rmpA2. Predominant plasmid replicons were Col(pHAD28), IncFII, IncFIB(pQil), and Col440. A total of seven XDR A. baumannii showed single MLST type(2) and single O-locus type(OCL-1); with multiple AMR-genes: blaADC-73, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-23, blaNDM-1, gyrA, mphE, msrE, and tetB. Both S. aureus tested were found to be ST22, SCCmec IVa(2B), and spa type t309; multiple AMR-genes: blaZ, mecA, dfrC, ermC, and aacA-aphD. Non-MDR Enterococcus faecalis sequenced was ST 946, with multiple virulence genes. This study documents for the first-time prevalent virulence genes and MLST types, along with resistance genes circulating in our center.

Plasmodium knowlesi is a parasite that can spread from animals to humans. Over the past 20 years, scientists have become more and more interested in this parasite. This parasitic zoonotic infection is common in Southeast Asia, and 6-9 % of symptomatic adult who get it have severe symptoms. In this review paper, we will discuss recent and past studies on P. knowlesi. Additionally, we will describe the epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and therapy of this infectious disease. In addition to this, we concentrate on the difficulties associated with the prevention and management of this important parasitic zoonotic disease.