Plasmodium knowlesi is a parasite that can spread from animals to humans. Over the past 20 years, scientists have become more and more interested in this parasite. This parasitic zoonotic infection is common in Southeast Asia, and 6-9 % of symptomatic adult who get it have severe symptoms. In this review paper, we will discuss recent and past studies on P. knowlesi. Additionally, we will describe the epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and therapy of this infectious disease. In addition to this, we concentrate on the difficulties associated with the prevention and management of this important parasitic zoonotic disease.

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic infection in India, caused by a facultative intracellular bacterium, Gram-negative coccobacillus, and frequently presents with nonspecific symptoms. This study aimed to assess serum cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-2) by ELISA and to correlate them with inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP) in patients with suspected brucellosis presenting with rheumatoid arthritis-like manifestations and polyarthralgia. This study included 111 patients, comprising 72 brucellosis-positive arthritis patients and 39 brucellosis-negative arthritis patients as controls. In this study, we investigated the variation in levels of four cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ) among brucellosis-positive and brucellosis-negative arthritis patients and their relationship with clinical parameters. The mean serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 were numerically higher in brucellosis-positive arthritis patients compared to controls; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed for IL-6 and IFN-γ between the groups. Inflammatory markers such as ESR and CRP were elevated in brucellosis-positive patients, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. These findings indicate variability in cytokine and inflammatory marker levels between groups. The observed associations with raw dairy consumption, contact with unvaccinated livestock, and direct animal exposure highlight the need for early diagnosis, effective livestock immunisation programs, and strengthened One Health-based public health interventions to reduce disease burden.

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic infection in India, caused by a facultative intracellular, Gram-negative coccobacillus and frequently presents with nonspecific symptoms. This study aimed to assess serum cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-2) by ELISA and to correlate them with inflammatory markers (ESR, and CRP)in patients with suspected brucellosis presenting with rheumatoid arthritis–like manifestations and polyarthralgia. This study included 111 patients, comprising 72 brucellosis-positive arthritis patients and 39 brucellosis- negative arthritis patients as controls. In this study, we investigated the variation in levels of four cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ) among brucellosis-positive and brucellosis-negative arthritis patients and their relationship with clinical parameters. The mean serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 were markedly higher in brucellosis-positive arthritis patients. As brucellosis is an important cause of inflammatory arthritis, characterized by elevated serum levels of IL-10 and IL-2 and increased inflammatory markers, including ESR and CRP, along with relatively lower levels of IFN-γ and IL-6, which are linked to the inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis. The observed associations with raw dairy consumption, contact with unvaccinated livestock, and direct animal exposure highlight the need for early diagnosis, effective livestock immunization programs, and strengthened One Health–based public health interventions to reduce disease burden

Brucellosis, a prevalent zoonotic disease in India, causes nonspecific symptoms. Humans contract it via infected animals or by consuming unpasteurized dairy products. This study evaluates the effectiveness of ELISA, Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), and SAT in diagnosing brucellosis from clinical samples. A prospective study was conducted involving 218 patients with unknown fever, arthritis, and neurological symptoms. A detailed history was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. This study aims to evaluate the clinical diagnostic efficacy of widely used serological assays for human brucellosis, focusing on their sensitivity, specificity, and applicability in clinical settings. Out of 218 clinical samples from suspected brucellosis patients, 129 tested positive for Brucella by either of the serological tests. Male:Female ratio was 1.04:1, and 60% of the patients had a clear history of exposure to cows, buffalo, and goats. ELISA IgG showed the highest positivity rates, identifying 64 (49.6%) cases; ELISA IgM detected 43 (33.3%) cases; the Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) identified 30 (23.2%) cases; RBPT detected 33 (25.5%) cases, and only 14 (10.8%) cases tested positive for ELISA IgG + ELISA IgM. The sensitivities of the ELISA IgG, ELISA IgM, RBPT, SAT, and ELISA IgG + ELISA IgM detection were 69.57%, 46.74%, 35.87%, 32.61%, and 15.22%, respectively, while the specificities were 100%, 100%, 75.40%, 84.92%, and 100%, respectively. ELISA can be used to diagnose human brucellosis reliably and is more sensitive than the SAT and RBPT.