Climate change significantly impacts species distribution and survival, particularly for habitat specialists with limited dispersal abilities. This study investigates the current and future distribution of Tylonycteris pachypus, one of the world’s smallest bats specialized in bamboo-dwelling, using ensemble modeling approaches. Based on comprehensive occurrence data and seven environmental variables, we developed an ensemble model using the Biomod2 platform, achieving high predictive accuracy (AUC: 0.981, TSS: 0.877). Three environmental variables were identified as crucial determinants: minimum temperature of the coldest month (40.90% contribution), maximum temperature of the warmest month (38.38%), and precipitation of the wettest quarter (11.09%). Currently, highly suitable habitats (291.893 × 10⁴ km²) are concentrated in three main regions: southern China and Indochina Peninsula, Myanmar–Bangladesh–northeastern India, and isolated areas in southwest India and Thailand. Under future climate scenarios, particularly SSP585, suitable habitats are projected to decrease substantially (64.4% reduction by 2090s), with a notable northward shift in distribution. However, the species’ limited dispersal ability, specific habitat requirements, and geographical barriers may constrain its capacity to track these climate-driven changes. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of T. pachypus to climate change and emphasize the need for targeted conservation strategies, including protecting climate-resilient habitats and maintaining bamboo forest corridors. This study provides a comprehensive framework for monitoring and conserving this specialized species under climate change, while considering its unique ecological constraints and dispersal limitations.

Serratia and Acinetobacter are recognized as significant opportunistic pathogens affecting aquatic animals and humans. However, their infections in amphibians are poorly documented, and their pathogenicity to the Chinese spiny frog ( Quasipaa spinosa ) remains unexplored. This study investigated an outbreak of putrid-skin disease among Q. spinosa on a farm in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, China. Two pathogenic strains, GL-XJ7 and GL-XJ11, were isolated from disease lesions and identified as Serratia nematophila and Acinetobacter guillouiae , respectively, through morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular analyses including 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. Experimental infections revealed median lethal concentrations (LD ₅₀ ) over 72 h of 3.98×10 ⁷ CFU/mL for S. nematophila strain GL-XJ7 and 3.16 × 10 ⁶ CFU/mL for A. guillouiae strain GL-XJ11. Infected frogs exhibited symptoms consistent with natural infections, including reduced vitality, skin shedding, and ulceration. Histopathological examinations demonstrated that both strains induced hepatocellular damage, nuclear alterations, muscular atrophy, myofibrillar degeneration, and intestinal necrosis. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that S. nematophila strain GL-XJ7 was highly susceptible to ceftazidime and gentamicin, while A. guillouiae strain GL-XJ11 exhibited high susceptibilities to tetracycline, ceftazidime, and gentamicin. Both strains demonstrated resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, bacitracin, and clindamycin. This study provides the first description of natural S. nematophila strain GL-XJ7 and A. guillouiae strain GL-XJ11 infections and their pathogenesis in Q. spinosa , highlighting potential risks to other animals and human health. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for the clinical management and prevention of putrid-skin disease in artificially bred frogs. IMPORTANCE: Frogs are among the most widely distributed amphibians globally. The Chinese spiny frog ( Quasipaa spinosa ) is a unique amphibious species endemic to China and holds significant economic value in aquaculture. Effective disease prevention and control are crucial for the sustainable development of frog breeding industries and the conservation of genetic resources. In this study, we investigated a putrid-skin disease outbreak at a frog farm in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, Eastern China. We isolated and identified the causative pathogenic bacteria and analyzed their pathogenicity through artificial infection experiments and histopathological examinations. This research provides the first data on the pathogenic characteristics of Serratia nematophila and Acinetobacter guillouiae in Q. spinosa . Furthermore, we assessed the antibiotic susceptibility of these two pathogens, revealing their multidrug resistance. Our findings offer a scientific foundation for the accurate diagnosis and control of putrid-skin disease in frogs, contributing to the preservation of Q. spinosa genetic resources.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of the genus Variovorax facilitate plant growth through beneficial microbe-plant interplay. Unlike most PGPRs,

The composition and function of animal gut microbiota are influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Hibernation represents a significant physiological challenge for heterothermic mammals, yet the effects on gut microbiota in bats remain understudied. This study investigated seasonal variations in the gut microbiota of Rhinolophus sinicus between summer activity and winter hibernation using 16S rRNA gene sequencing ( n = 12 per group). Sequencing analysis identified 907 ASVs in the hibernation group and 555 ASVs in the summer group, with only 27 ASVs shared between groups, suggesting substantial seasonal turnover in microbial community membership. At the phylum level, Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria) dominated the gut microbiota, but no significant difference was found between seasons (77.52% during hibernation vs. 57.15% during summer). Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) decreased significantly, while Actinomycetota (formerly Actinobacteriota) increased significantly in the hibernation group compared to the summer group. Genus‐level composition exhibited seasonal variation, with distinct microbial communities characterizing each period. Alpha diversity analysis revealed significant differences in Faith's phylogenetic diversity between seasons, suggesting shifts in phylogenetic composition, while Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices remained unchanged. Beta diversity analyses revealed significant structural divergence between seasonal groups. Functional prediction using PICRUSt2 suggested seasonal shifts in metabolism‐related pathways, with putative enrichment of lipid metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation pathways during hibernation, while carbohydrate metabolism appeared more prominent during the active period. These findings suggest that winter fasting may alter intestinal microbial metabolic functions, potentially shifting the microbiota from carbohydrate‐oriented to lipid‐oriented metabolism. This study enhances our understanding of host‐microbiome crosstalk in hibernating mammals and highlights the potential adaptive role of gut microbes in facilitating survival under extreme physiological conditions.