Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin utilization, and current therapies face notable limitations. This study investigated the chemical composition and biological activities of Teucrium polium essential oils and extracts, with a focus on their antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Essential oil from aerial parts (yield 1.65%) was obtained by hydrodistillation; extracts were prepared by aqueous decoction (E0) and Soxhlet (aqueous, E1; hydroethanolic, E2). HPLC‐UV‐Vis‐ESI‐MS and GC–MS identified bioactives. The oil was dominated by carvacrol (28.10%), thymol (26.28%), γ ‐terpinene (12.11%), and o‐cymene (15.59%). E0 was rich in poliumoside (36.45%); E1 contained verbascoside (9.42%) and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside (9.68%); E2 was dominated by apigenin‐7‐rutinoside (21.18%). Antioxidant assays showed 85% DPPH inhibition at 100 µgmL ^{– 1} , FRAP EC ₅₀ of 25.4 µgmL ^–1 , and 75% TAC inhibition at 100 µg mL ^–1 . Antimicrobial activity yielded MICs of 0.5 mg mL ^–1 for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and 0.3 mg mL ^–1 for Candida albicans . Antidiabetic assays demonstrated 65% inhibition of α ‐amylase and 72% inhibition of α ‐glucosidase at 100 g mL ^–1 . In vivo, glucose tolerance testing showed a 30% reduction in postprandial glycemia at 70 mg kg ^–1 and near‐normal glycemia after 7 days. These findings support T. polium 's traditional use for T2D and warrant further toxicological and clinical evaluation.

The medicinal herb Centaurium erythraea is well-known for its natural ability to treat digestive issues like dyspepsia and liver insufficiency by promoting the secretions of the liver and esophagus. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of Centaurium erythraea extracts in treating diabetes. Decoction and Soxhlet procedures were used to examine the extracts, with water serving as the solvent. The extracts were tested for antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial effects, and inhibitory effects on alpha-amylase activity. In comparison to the aqueous extract, the decocted extract had higher levels of polyphenols, total tannins, and anthocyanins, as well as more effective antioxidant capacities. Due to its reduction of alpha-amylase activity and enteric absorption of glucose, Centaurium erythraea has also shown considerable anti-hyperglycemic action.