To solve the problems of the low driving efficiency of a fuel cell tractor power source and the high hydrogen consumption caused by the irrational power allocation of the energy source, the power system was divided into two parts, power source and energy source, and a dual-source cooperative optimization energy management strategy was proposed. Firstly, a general energy efficiency optimization method was designed for the power source composed of a traction motor and PTO motor, and the energy source was composed of a fuel cell and power battery. Secondly, the unified objective function and constraint conditions were established, and the instantaneous optimization algorithm was used to construct the weight factor. The instantaneous optimal drive efficiency energy management strategy and the instantaneous optimal equivalent hydrogen consumption energy management strategy were designed, respectively. Finally, with the demand power as the transfer parameter, the instantaneous optimal drive efficiency energy management strategy and the instantaneous optimal equivalent hydrogen consumption energy management strategy were integrated to form a dual-source collaborative optimal energy management strategy. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, a rule-based energy management strategy was developed as a comparison strategy and tested in an HIL test under plowing and rotary plowing conditions. The results show that the average fuel cell efficiency of the proposed strategy increased by 7.86% and 8.17%, respectively, and the proposed strategy’s equivalent hydrogen consumption decreased by 24.21% and 9.82%, respectively, compared with the comparison strategy under the two conditions. It can significantly reduce the SOC fluctuation of the power battery and extend the service life of the power battery.