Zusammenfassung: Der Review gibt einen systematischen Überblick über den quantitativen Forschungsstand zur Schulsituation und zum Lehren und Lernen während der Corona-Pandemie. Der Review umfasst 97 Online-Befragungen, die in der Zeit vom 24. März 2020 bis 11. November 2020 durchgeführt wurden und 255.955 Fälle (Schüler*innen, Eltern, Lehrkräfte, Schulleitungen u. a.) erfassten. Die Analyse und Synthese der Befunde erfolgt entlang zweier Modelle, dem Phasenmodell des Forschungsprozesses und einem integrativen Modell zur Distance Education. Der Review macht deutlich, dass zentrale Aspekte des Lehrens und Lernens während den coronabedingten Schulschließungen im Frühjahr 2020, wie bspw. Merkmale des Fernunterrichts (z. B. Qualitätsdimensionen), Schülermerkmale (z. B. Selbständigkeit) und Merkmale der häuslichen Ressourcen für das Lernen (z. B. die elterliche Unterstützung), bereits Gegenstand vieler Befragungen waren. Die Schulsituation während der Corona-Pandemie stellt daher kein unerforschtes Phänomen mehr dar. Vielmehr fordert das wissenschaftliche Ethos von Forscher*innen dieses Feldes, den aktuellen Forschungsstand in ihren Arbeiten zu berücksichtigen. Der vorgelegte Review soll diese Aufgabe erleichtern, indem nicht nur die existierenden Befragungen gelistet, sondern deren zentrale Erkenntnisse synthetisiert werden. Darüber hinaus liefert der Review eine relevante Informationsbasis für Entscheidungen und für das Handeln in den jeweiligen Verantwortungsbereichen der Politik, Verwaltung und Schulpraxis. Gleichzeitig warnt der Review vor einer unreflektierten Übernahme der Befunde, indem die wissenschaftliche Qualität der Befragungen kritisch diskutiert wird.

School leadership ranks as an essential factor for successful schools. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate the effects of two central leadership practices – setting directions and managing instructional processes – on both instructional quality (mediator) and student achievement (target) in Austrian primary schools. The data for this study originate from the 2018 national educational standards test in mathematics, allowing the use of information from 3,785 teachers and 73,780 students from 2,961 schools. In line with theoretical leadership effectiveness models, the results of multi-level structural equation analysis reveal systematic relations of instructional quality with student achievement. However, no direct or indirect effects of the two leadership dimensions on student achievement are apparent when simultaneous effects of student GPA and student background variables, such as highest parental occupational status, books at home, migration background, and language spoken at home, are controlled for. We discuss these results as well as previous findings with respect to methodological issues and contextual conditions that deserve more attention in future studies.

Positive social relationships between pupils are crucial for creating a conducive learning environment. Integrating the arts into classrooms fosters these relationships by promoting creative expression and social skills such as empathy, mutual support, and teamwork. Arts-based activities encourage collaboration, enabling pupils to develop creative solutions and appreciate diverse perspectives. Despite growing interest in this interdisciplinary approach, research on its impact on pupil relationships remains limited. This longitudinal study collected data from 381 pupils across five schools at two measurement points using standardized questionnaires to assess different dimensions of social relationships. Results indicated a significant increase in helpfulness and a reduction in discrimination among pupils who participated in several weeks of arts workshops. However, cliquishness and competitive thinking also increased, while aggressiveness remained unchanged regardless of group membership. These findings demonstrate the benefits of arts integration for fostering positive pupil relationships while highlighting the complex dynamics between creative learning environments and social interactions. The results underscore the need for targeted strategies to balance cooperation and competition effectively, ensuring that arts-based approaches maximize their potential to enhance classroom social dynamics.

A critical limiting factor for adaptive teaching is the availability of diagnostic tools that allow reliable and valid assessments of students’ domain-specific skills in a way that produces detailed information for planning subsequent instructional strategies. The present study demonstrates how Cognitive Diagnosis Models (CDM) can deliver fine-grained diagnostic information on students’ skills in dealing with domain-specific tasks, using introductory accounting as an exemplary field of application. Based on data from a sample of 773 students from secondary business schools in Austria, statistical analyses that incorporated several criteria for evaluating model fit corroborate theoretical assumptions on distinct skills asmultipledimensions of accounting competence. Moreover, they illustrate that CDMs allow not only to quantify the shares of students who have mastered or still lack each accounting skill but also to identifyindividual skill profiles, which can serve as reliable classification criteria to distinguish homogeneous or heterogeneous ability groups among the learners. We conclude by discussing the practical implications of different diagnostic information obtained from CDM outputs for generic strategies of adaptive teaching, again with an illustrative focus on introductory accounting instruction.