Despite its relevance, measuring the contributions of the bioeconomy to national economies remains an arduous task that faces limitations. Part of the difficulty is associated with the lack of a clear and widely accepted concept of the bioeconomy and moves on to the connections between methods, data and indicators. The present study aims to define the concepts of bioeconomy and to explore the connections between concepts, methods, data, and indicators when measuring the bioeconomy economically and the limitations involved in this process. The bioeconomy concepts were defined based on a literature review and a content analysis of 84 documents selected through snowballing procedures to find articles measuring “how big is the bioeconomy?” The content of the 84 documents was uploaded to the Quantitative Data Analysis (QDA Miner) software and coded according to the bioeconomy concept, the methods or models used, the data sources accessed, the indicators calculated, and the limitations reported by the authors. The results of the occurrence and co-occurrence of the codes were extracted and analyzed statistically, indicating the following: the measurement of the bioeconomy (i) needs to recognize and pursue the proposed concept of a holistic bioeconomy; (ii) rarely considered aspects of a holistic bioeconomy (3.5%); (iii) is primarily based on the concept of biomass-based bioeconomy (BmBB) (94%); (iv) the association with the concept of biosphere (BsBB) appeared in 26% of the studies; (v) the biotech-based bioeconomy (BtBB) was the least frequent (1.2%); (vi) there is a diversity of methods and models, but the most common are those traditionally used to measure macroeconomic activities, especially input-output models; (vii) depending on the prevailing methods, the data comes from various official statistical databases, such as national accounts and economic activity classification systems; (viii) the most frequently used indicators are value added, employment, and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions; (ix) there are various limitations related to the concept, methods and models, data, indicators, and others, like incomplete, missing, or lack of data, aggregated data, outdated data or databases, uncertainty of the estimated values, the subjectivity in the bio-shares weighting procedures, and other limitations inherent to methods and models. We conclude that current efforts only partially measure the contributions of the bioeconomy, and efforts should be encouraged toward a full assessment, starting by recognizing that the measurement of a holistic bioeconomy should be pursued.

O artigo avalia, na estrutura do agronegócio brasileiro, a renda, o emprego, o consumo setorial de energia e as emissões de CO2. Para isso, estima uma matriz energética com 56 setores consumidores compatíveis com os 56 setores apresentados pela MIP do Brasil para 2009, o que permite mensurar o agronegócio em unidades econômicas e físicas. Verificouse que o agronegócio brasileiro responde por 21,26% do PIB, por 31,93% dos empregos, por 34,72% do consumo de energia e, por 40,96% das emissões de CO2. Os indicadores físico-econômicos assinalam que a intensidade do consumo de energia e as emissões de CO2 no agronegócio são maiores que a média nacional, em particular, destaca a agroindústria como o agregado que proporcionalmente emite mais CO2 no país por unidade monetária, por trabalhador e por consumo de energia. Contudo, verificou-se que a Agroindústria utiliza energia “limpa” (eletricidade com 11,14%) e majoritariamente renovável (Produtos da cana, Outras fontes primárias e Lenha com 80,53%)