The Nordic nations have yet to significantly contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7 and 13. This predicament might be attributed to fundamental financialization concerns in these nations and renewable energy generation implementation issues. The Nordic nations are fighting to reduce CO₂ emissions as a result of these two situations. Dealing with this problem may necessitate a policy shift, which represents the focus of this research. Utilizing data from 1980 to 2020, we analyze the heterogeneous impacts of financial development and renewable energy on CO₂ emissions using advanced panel and time-series methodologies. The advantage of the wavelet tools (wavelet coherence, partial wavelet and multiple wavelet techniques) is that they help to capture policy initiatives at different frequencies, i.e., short, medium and long-term. Our empirical outcomes from the CS-ARDL show that both financial development and renewable energy decrease CO₂ emissions in the short and long term. Furthermore, the outcomes of the wavelet coherence show negative co-movement between CO₂ and renewable energy in each Nordic nation except for Iceland with renewable energy driving CO₂ in all frequencies. Additionally, financial development enhances the ‘CO₂ emissions-renewable energy consumption’ association, but in the short term, it has no stimulating effect. These findings lead to the recommendation of an SDG-oriented policy framework. While this policy agenda is designed to achieve SDGs 7 and 13, it may also be applied to other nations. The study recommends that the Nordic countries implement measures to boost renewable energy supply through enhanced renewable energy technologies. Abbreviations: ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations; BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa; CO₂: Carbon Emissions; CS-ARDL: Cross Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model; FD: Financial Development; PMG-ARDL: Pool Mean Group Autoregressive Lag Model; VAR: Vector Autoregressive; VECM: Vector Error Corrected Model; MINT: Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey; REC: Renewable Energy; SDG: Sustainable Development Goal; SD: Sustainable Development

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have revolutionized real-time monitoring and distant patient care in smart cities’ healthcare systems. However, this advancement has come with several issues, such as data security, scalability, operational efficiency, and fault tolerance. Previous approaches are not well suited to the real-time processing of IoT data in healthcare, given the low latency, high throughput, and effective anomaly detection needed for such a task. Given these challenges, this paper proposes a hybrid Artificial Intelligence (AI)- and blockchain-based IoT governance framework for Internet hospitals using Proof-of-Authority (PoA) in smart cities. It encompasses application of the enhanced RSA for secure data transmission, real-time anomaly detection through the Isolation Forest algorithm, and a private blockchain architecture designed for high scalability. It effectively detects tampering and replay attacks to minimize illegitimate and unauthorized access or manipulation of patients’ data. The proposed framework achieves relatively significant improvements over a state-of-the-art baseline model. It has cut the transaction response time by 50%, doubled the Throughput Per Second (TPS), and attained a 100% detection performance in anomalies. Comparative analysis reveals its linear scalability with increasing workload, ensuring consistent performance under varying transaction volumes. This study’s findings highlight the proposed framework’s potential to mitigate key issues in IoT-enabled Internet hospitals in smart cities.

The rise of Internet hospitals has significant issues associated with data security and governance in managing sensitive patient data. This paper discusses an alliance blockchain (i.e., a private blockchain) model for governance innovation in internet hospitals with an improved encryption methodology. We compare our proposed model, improved Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) encryption, integrated into the blockchain framework. Improved RSA achieves impressive improvements in all key metrics by increasing the throughput by 24.7% and lowering the latency by 19.8% compared to the base model. Thus, the improved model is more optimized for processing transactions related to healthcare data. Memory usage was also reduced by 14.3%. While encryption time remained pretty close, the decryption time remarkably improved by 97.5%. IoT sensors are one of the foundations for Internet hospitals that produce consistent patient data streams, such as physiological and environmental metrics. The proposed alliance blockchain model enables the secure and efficient real-time management of this sensor data. These results demonstrate the capability of alliance blockchain and cryptographic upgrades in creating safe and efficient governance frameworks for Internet hospitals.

In the context of the growing urgency of sustainable industrial transformation under global climate goals, this study examines how digitalization enables and amplifies industrial low-carbon transition through the synergistic interaction of policy tools, technological pathways, and financial innovation. Addressing the challenge of reconciling emissions reduction with industrial efficiency, the study employs a mixed-method approach that combines panel econometric analysis of manufacturing enterprises in China’s Yangtze River Delta with representative case studies. The empirical results demonstrate significant synergistic effects among policy, technology, and finance under digital enablement. Coordinated policy instruments, including emissions trading and green credit, reduce decarbonization costs by 18–23%, while digitally enabled mechanisms such as Zhejiang’s “Carbon Efficiency Code” lower carbon intensity by over 15% for nearly half of participating firms. Technological pathways exhibit sectoral heterogeneity: digital twin optimization reduces emissions by 12% in the steel industry, whereas IoT-based monitoring cuts energy consumption by 9.7% in textiles. Financial innovations further reinforce these outcomes by increasing green R&D intensity and enhancing firms’ climate risk resilience. From a sustainability perspective, the study shows that digitalization strengthens real-time carbon measurement, monitoring, and verification (MRV), thereby improving sustainability performance assessment and governance effectiveness. By integrating digital tools with policy and financial incentives, the findings provide actionable guidance for supporting sustainable industrial operations and designing more precise, scalable, and data-driven sustainability-oriented policy instruments.

With the increasing complexity of global health challenges and the growing awareness of health among individuals, the importance of personal health management has become more prominent. In modern society, due to the frequent occurrence of medical disputes, it has had a significant impact on the protection of the rights and interests of hospitals and patients. How to obtain necessary data in medical disputes and store it safely is a problem that everyone is facing. Against this backdrop, blockchain technology, with its features of decentralization, immutability, and high transparency, offers a potential solution. By leveraging distributed ledgers, cryptographic algorithms, and smart contracts, blockchain technology can effectively enhance the security and privacy of health data, enabling trustworthy data sharing and interoperability. While the application prospects of blockchain technology in personal health management are broad, its development faces multiple challenges, including technological complexity, issues of standardization, and incomplete legal and regulatory frameworks. Therefore, this paper’s in-depth research on the application and impact of blockchain technology in medical disputes, exploring specific implementation pathways to enhance data security, privacy protection, data sharing, and interoperability, holds significant theoretical and practical value for promoting its application in the field of health management.