The importance of bio-robotics has been increasing day by day. Researchers are trying to mimic nature in a more creative way so that the system can easily adapt to the complex nature and its environment. Hence, bio-robotic grippers play a role in the physical connection between the environment and the bio-robotics system. While handling the physical world using a bio-robotic gripper, complexity occurs in the feedback system, where the sensor plays a vital role. Therefore, a human-centered gripper sensor can have a good impact on the bio-robotics field. But categorical classification and the selection process are not very systematic. This review paper follows the PRISMA methodology to summarize the previous works on bio-robotic gripper sensors and their selection process. This paper discusses challenges in soft robotic systems, the importance of sensing systems in facilitating critical control mechanisms, along with their selection considerations. Furthermore, a classification of soft actuation based on grippers has been introduced. Moreover, some unique characteristics of soft robotic sensors are explored, namely compliance, flexibility, multifunctionality, sensor nature, surface properties, and material requirements. In addition, a categorization of sensors for soft robotic grippers in terms of modalities has been established, ranging from the tactile and force sensor to the slippage sensor. Various tactile sensors, ranging from piezoelectric sensing to optical sensing, are explored as they are of the utmost importance in soft grippers to effectively address the increasing requirements for intelligence and automation. Finally, taking everything into consideration, a flow diagram has been suggested for selecting sensors specific to soft robotic applications.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) to repair and strengthen the steel I-beam has been increasingly used since last decade. CFRP composites bonded to steel members offer many advantages over steel plate bonding including excellent corrosion resistance, high stiffness and high strength to weight ratios etc. This study numerically investigates the fatigue performance of CFRP strengthened steel I-beam. One non-strengthened control beam and several strengthened beams using steel plates and CFRP strips were investigated primarily. The effect of slenderness ratios of web on fatigue behavior of CFRP strengthened steel I-beam is investigated. The beams were simulated in full three-dimension and fatigue life was investigated by using general-purpose finite element program, ANSYS. Simply supported beam subjected to two loads on compression flange is analyzed to show the effect of CFRP and slenderness ratios on fatigue behavior of steel I beam. The results show, that the life cycle of a CFRP strengthened beam before failure is higher than that of bare beam. It is also observed that beams with higher slenderness ratios (fixed thickness of the web) give better fatigue performance.

The importance of bio robotics has been increasing day by day. Researchers are trying to mimic nature in a more creative way so that, the system can easily adopt the complex nature and its environment. Hence, bio robotic gripper plays a role in physical connection between the environment and bio robotics system. While handling the physical world in biorobots gripper, the complexity occurs in feedback system where sensor plays a vital role. Therefore, human centered gripper sensor has a good impact on bio robotics field. But categorical classification and their selection process is not very systematic. This review paper follows PRISMA methodology to summarize the previous works on bio robotics gripper sensor and its selection process.. This paper discusses challenges in soft robotics systems, and the importance of sensing systems to facilitate critical control mechanisms along with their selection considerations. Furthermore, a classification of soft actuation based on gripper has been introduced. Moreover, some unique characteristics for soft robotics sensor are explored namely compliance, flexibility, multifunctionality, sensor nature, surface properties, and material requirements. In addition, a categorization of sensors for soft robotic gripper in terms of modalities has been established ranging from the tactile and force sensor to slippage sensor. Various tactile sensors ranging from piezoelectric sensing to optical sensing are explored as it has utmost importance in soft gripper to effectively address the increasing requirements for intelligence and automation. Finally, taking everything into consideration, a flow diagram has been suggested for selecting sensors specific to soft robotics applications.

This study investigates natural convection heat transfer of water-based nanofluid in a square enclosure, where the left wall is maintained at constant higher temperature and right wall is maintained at lower temperature and other walls remain adiabatic. Water based nanofluid contains copper as nanoparticle, which is considered to be in unsteady state. The influence of significant parameters such as volume fraction of nanoparticle, Rayleigh number has been studied. A series of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) have been conducted into the range of 0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.1 and 5×10 4 ≤ Ra ≤ 5×10 6 with finite volume based commercial software ANSYS Fluent v16.1 (student version). The results show that the local and average heat transfer rate increases significantly as particle volume fraction increases. However, Nusselt number (both local and average) decreases with increase in volume fraction. Substantial increment in local and average heat transfer rate and Nusselt number is observed with increase in Rayleigh number.