Background/Objectives: Interparental conflict, with its multiple dimensions, represents a risk factor for youth mental health, triggering a series of cascading processes. Despite recent evidence highlighting that psychological inflexibility is a risk factor for adolescents’ psychopathology after stressful events, a limited number of studies have investigated its role in family conflicts. This study aims to investigate whether psychological inflexibility mediates the impact of conflict characteristics (intensity, frequency, and resolution) and threat appraisal of interparental conflict on the psychological difficulties of adolescent offspring. Methods: A sample of 195 adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years old completed the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth on Google Forms. Results: The findings revealed that adolescents living in a family environment characterized by high levels of perceived interparental conflicts exhibit a wide spectrum of psychological difficulties, either emotional or behavioral, partially mediated by their psychological inflexibility. However, when conflict between parents is interpreted as threatening, adolescents’ inflexibility appears to mediate the relationship between conflict and psychological difficulties. Conclusions: While future studies are needed to better understand this association, psychological flexibility might represent a relevant treatment target in adolescents exposed to interparental conflict.

Tic disorders (TDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions which affect 0.3–0.9% of individuals aged < 18 years. Although tics often improve or resolve spontaneously over time, treatment is often recommended. Pharmacological approaches are widely used as primary interventions. However, their side effects encouraged the development and the interest in nonpharmacological approaches, whose efficacy in pediatric populations remains poorly understood. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments for children and adolescents with TDs. A literature review was performed using PubMed, EBSCOhost, and JABA databases up to 16 May 2024. Eligible articles were randomized controlled trials, written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals, investigating the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments in pediatric populations diagnosed with TDs. Significant evidence supported the efficacy of behavioral interventions such as the Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT), its reduced version the Habit Reversal Therapy (HRT), and the Exposure and Relapse Prevention (ERP) in reducing tics and tic-related impairment among young people, as assessed through the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Behavioral interventions were generally effective in reducing tics, although some studies reported higher effects on motor tics when compared to vocal tics. High level of efficacy was observed for both face-to-face and online treatments. While future studies are needed to improve treatment effects, especially on vocal tics, as well as to have a better understanding of treatment components and modalities, taken together, the present findings support the use of nonpharmacological intervention for TDs in youth.

Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is a clinical construct characterized by symptoms such as excessive daydreaming, mental confusion, slowed behavior, and reduced cognitive and motor activity. Increasing evidence suggests a potential overlap between CDS and Emotional Dysregulation (ED), a transdiagnostic construct associated with difficulties in regulating emotional responses. This narrative review synthesizes current empirical findings and theoretical perspectives on the co-occurrence of CDS and ED, with a particular focus on insights provided by behavioral genetics—especially twin studies. We describe the core principles and models used in twin research and evaluate how they have been applied to disentangle genetic and environmental contributions to these phenotypes and their overlap. While some studies support a shared etiology between CDS and ED, particularly through non-shared environmental influences, research in this area remains limited and conceptually fragmented. The review identifies critical knowledge gaps, including the lack of longitudinal studies, inconsistent definitions of ED, and limited exploration of developmental trajectories. We argue that future twin studies are essential for clarifying these unresolved issues. Nonetheless, limitations include the scarcity of twin-based studies directly examining the CDS–ED association and methodological inconsistencies across the existing literature.

Background/Objectives: Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is a clinical condition primarily characterized by inattention, hypoactivity, and mind-wandering, which has not yet been recognized as an official diagnostic category. Although there are overlaps between CDS and ADHD, evidence supports the semi-independence of CDS from the ADHD-Inattentive subtype. Importantly, while the impact of ADHD on parenting styles has been studied, no previous research has investigated the potential influence of CDS difficulties on parenting behaviors. Both CDS and ADHD are associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, which are influenced by negative parenting styles. The severity of ADHD is known to predict the use of dysfunctional parenting patterns; however, no studies have yet investigated how CDS difficulties might affect parenting styles. Due to the similarities between CDS and ADHD, it is reasonable to hypothesize a similar relationship. This study aims to examine the potential mediating role of parenting styles—both negative and positive—in the relationship between CDS difficulties and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Methods: The sample is composed of 369 Italian school-aged children (9.38 ± 2.34 years old). Parents reported on their children’s psychopathology, CDS difficulties, and their own parenting strategies. Results: Analyses conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS tool indicated that only negative parenting styles partially mediated the relationship between CDS difficulties and parent-reported youth anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of interventions aimed at both addressing CDS in children and improving parenting strategies to enhance youth psychopathological outcomes.