To understand the impact of climate change on water resources, this research investigates long-term rainfall trends and anomalies across Northeastern India (NEI), covering Assam and Meghalaya (A&M); Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura (NMMT); and Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim (SHWB&S) using different statistical tests including innovative trend analysis (ITA). The study scrutinizes 146 years of rainfall statistics, trend analyses, variability, and probability distribution changes to comprehend its implications. Furthermore, the change in the assured rainfall probabilities was also worked out to understand the impact on rainfed agriculture of Northeastern India. Comparative analysis between all India (AI) and NEI reveals that NEI receives nearly double the annual rainfall compared to AI (2051 mm and 1086 mm, respectively). Despite resembling broad rainfall patterns, NEI displays intra-regional variations, underscoring the necessity for region-specific adaptation strategies. Statistical characteristics like the coefficient of skewness (CS) and coefficient of kurtosis indicate skewed rainfall distributions, notably during the winter seasons in NMMT (CS~1.6) and SHWB&S (CS~1.5). Trend analyses reveal declining rainfall trends, especially conspicuous in NEI’s winter (−1.88) and monsoon (−2.9) seasons, where the rate of decrease was higher in the last three decades. The return periods of assured rainfall at 50% and 75% probability levels also increased sharply during the winter and monsoon seasons by over 30% during the recent half, posing challenges for rainfed upland hill farming. Furthermore, this study highlights increasing variability and negative anomalies in monsoon rainfall over NEI, exacerbating decreasing rainfall trends and significantly impacting agricultural productivity. These findings underscore the urgency for adaptive measures tailored to evolving rainfall patterns, ensuring sustainable agricultural practices and efficient water resource management.

Integrated farming system (IFS) is a valuable approach to addressing the problems of sustainable economic growth for farming communities in the country. In Indian context, farming is a family occupation and farm women are associates to their husbands performing various activities in farm and home level. Therefore present study was conducted in Tripura state as this state has prominence on integrated farming system in relation to gender participation. Thus, both 100 male and 100 female were interviewed to weigh up the participation of gender in plain and hilly regions of the state. The results showed that, in crop enterprise, land preparation (84% in plain and 68% in hilly), marketing of the products (84% in plain and 96% in hilly) etc. were mostly performed by male members of family Whereas in livestock enterprise, all the activities were mostly performed by female but seaing of the milks and animals done by male members. Likewise in poultry and fishery enterprise both male and female members were actively engaged.

This study examines the temporal variations in rainfall and temperature over the Lepa Rada district of Arunachal Pradesh from 1983 to 2021. Using both parametric (Linear Regression) and non-parametric (Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope) methods, significant climatic trends were identified. The analysis revealed a statistically significant declining trend in winter rainfall, with linear regression indicating a decrease of 2.809 mm/year, corroborated by significant Mann-Kendall’s Z statistic and Sen’s slope estimates. Temperature trends showed a significant increase in maximum temperatures across all seasons(spring@ 0.109 °C/year; summer @0.103 °C/year; autumn @0.113 °C/year and winter @0.139 °C/year), with annual rates of increase observed at 0.115°C/year (p<0.01) through linear regression. Similarly, the Mann-Kendall test confirmed these findings, with significant Z values across all seasons. In contrast, minimum temperatures showed a significant declining trend during spring and winter, suggesting increased coldness over time. These trends hold significant implications for agriculture and environmental planning in the region. The decline in winter rainfall and the rise in maximum temperatures could adversely affect crop yields and water resources, emphasizing the need for adaptive agricultural practices and efficient water management strategies. Additionally, the increase in coldness during winter and spring suggests the importance of developing climate-resilient crops and improving forecasting systems to help farmers better prepare for changing weather conditions.

Indian economy is predominantly rural and agriculture oriented where it supports 70 percent of its population. About 13.75 per cent GDP was from agriculture and allied fields in the year 2012-13. From the beginning not only the male farmers of the country but their female counterparts have been also engaged with the crop cultivation practices. Especially rural India is witnessing a process which could be described as feminization of agriculture. Thus to emphasize the gender perspective in crop cultivation 100 farm families (100 of male and female) were interviewed to weigh up their participation in activities and decision making pattern in crop cultivation in both plain and hilly region of Tripura and the result shows that male members of the family of both the region were independently enjoying decision making pattern rather than their female counterparts. The female of hilly region were more active in participation of activities and decision making compare to the female of plain region of the state. Hence, there is need to educate and empower the farm women so that they can utilise their potentiality effectively.