Unsustainable groundwater extraction for domestic and agricultural purposes, particularly crop irrigation, is leading to dramatic reductions in the quantity and quality of groundwater in many developing countries, including Ethiopia. Assessing and predicting groundwater responses to hydraulic stress caused by overexploitation related to anthropogenic activities and climate change are crucial for informing water management decisions. The aim of this study is to develop a three-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow model for the Golina River Sub-Basin to understand the relationship between groundwater recharge and groundwater pumping and their impacts under steady-state conditions from the perspective of groundwater management. The model was created using MODFLOW 6 and discretized into 345 rows and 444 columns with a grid resolution of 100 m by 100 m. The subsurface was modeled as two layers: a clastic alluvial layer overlying a weathered and fractured bedrock. The surface-water divide of the Golina River Sub-Basin was treated as a no-flow boundary. The initial values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.001 m/day for rhyolite to 27.26 m/day for alluvial deposits. The aquifer recharge rates from the WetSpass model ranged from 1.08 × 10⁻³ to 2.25 × 10⁻⁴ m/day, and the discharge rates from the springs, hand-dug wells, and boreholes were 2.79 × 10⁴ m³/day, known flux boundaries. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the model is very sensitive to hydraulic conductivity, moderately sensitive to aquifer recharge, and less sensitive to groundwater pumping. Calibration was performed to match observed and simulated hydraulic heads of selected wells and achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The calibrated hydraulic conductivity ranged from 1.2 × 10⁻⁴ m/day for rhyolite to 20 m/day for gravel-dominated alluvial deposits. The groundwater flow direction is toward the southeast, and the water balance indicates a negligible difference between the total recharge (207,775.8297 m³/day, which is the water entering the aquifer system) and the total pumped volume (207,775.9373 m³/day, which is the water leaving the aquifer system). The scenario analysis showed that an increase in the pumping rate of 25%, 50%, and 75% would result in a decrease in the hydraulic head by 4.64 m, 10.18 m, and 17.38 m, respectively. A decrease in recharge of 25%, 50%, and 75% would instead result in hydraulic-head declines of 6 m, 15.29 m, and 46.97 m, respectively. Consequently, the findings of this study suggest that decision-makers should prioritize enhancing integrated groundwater management strategies to improve recharge rates within the aquifer system of the study area.

Accurate landslide mapping near critical infrastructure requires not only data on landslide characteristics but also clear definitions of the spatial extent of surveyed areas. While national projects like Italian Landslide Inventory (IFFI) and Italian Guidelines for the classification and management of risk, safety assessment and monitoring of existing bridges (LLG 2022) provide a list of data to collect during a field visit survey, they lack clear specifications for buffer zones, limiting data comparability and risk assessment reliability. This study refines a hierarchical framework developed by the FABRE Geo Working Group, in alignment with LLG 2022, introducing five key zones—Landslide Inventory Reference Area, Diagnostic Area, Geomorphological Significant Area, Relevant Area and the Approach Zone, plus a newly defined Geomorphological Significant Area—Close Zone. By explicitly quantifying buffer zones and their hierarchical roles, the framework ensures consistent data collection across varied terrains and reduces ambiguity in landslide risk evaluation. Applied to 95 bridges in Tuscany and Basilicata, the framework offers standardized definitions and dimensions for Diagnostic Area, Geomorphological Significant Area and Relevant Area, based on detailed field surveys. Approach Zone and Geomorphological Significant Area—Close Zone are quantified as percentages of Relevant Area and Geomorphological Significant Area, supporting efficient, reproducible inspections using both manual and UAV-assisted methods. The Geomorphological Significant Area—Close Zone distinguishes core data, which requires direct surveys, from supplementary data that can be analyzed remotely or in the office. This distinction ensures that essential hazards are observed directly, while supplementary insights are efficiently integrated, enhancing field reliability and desk-based analysis. This integrated approach enhances the accuracy of landslide susceptibility assessment and the classification of attention levels, supporting the maintenance of the national IFFI. Ultimately, the comparison of IFFI catalog data, available in the Diagnostic Area, Geomorphological Significant Area, and Relevant Area, revealed previously unrecorded landslides in Matera and confirmed the reliability of the catalog in Lucca, highlighting that inventories can be systematically integrated only by using standardized areas with field verification to improve risk and infrastructure management. The structured framework bridges gaps between national inventory standards and localized survey needs, ensuring that both previously recorded and new landslide events are systematically captured.

An accurate biostratigraphic study of the Paleocene-middle Eocene calcareous nannofossils was performed on the turbiditic successions that characterize the Northern Apennines Mt. Caio, Farini d’Olmo, Mt. Sporno and Mt. Penice Units, belonging to the “Tertiary Flysch Auctt.” and referable to the External Ligurides. This geologic complex accumulated in a link key area, located between the oceanic Ligure-Piedmontese domain and the Adria continental margin. The reference biostratigraphic scheme used in the study is the recently published calcareous nannofossil biozonation proposed for the Paleogene by Agnini et al. (2014). The obtained biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic data suggest that further investigation is needed to clarify the tectono-sedimentary evolution and to unravel the complex architecture of the External Ligurides.