The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) stands out as a crucial sentinel species for assessing environmental contamination, owing to its widespread distribution, high position in the food chain, and susceptibility to pollutants. As apex predators, these remarkable birds accumulate various contaminants found in their prey, thus serving as valuable indicators of ecological health. The historical application of organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT, resulted in alarming population declines, highlighting the significant vulnerability of peregrines to environmental hazards. Recent research has shed light on the detrimental effects of heavy metal exposure, revealing critical health risks including compromised immune function and reduced reproductive success, which further highlight the ecological consequences of pollution for top predators. Moreover, the complex nature of brominated flame retardants poses challenges in balancing fire safety with environmental health, as these chemicals persist in the ecosystem and threaten peregrine falcon populations. In the future, the use of possible new bioindicators of environmental pollution opens up interesting prospects. This innovative approach may enhance our understanding of how contaminants affect reproductive health and contribute to a broader One Health perspective, emphasizing the interconnectedness of wildlife, human health, and ecosystem integrity. This comprehensive overview underscores the urgency of ongoing monitoring and regulatory efforts to protect peregrine falcons and, by extension, our shared environment.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants of global concern due to their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. Raptors, as apex predators, are valuable sentinel species for monitoring PFAS contamination because of biomagnification along food chains. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on PFAS occurrence, tissue distribution, temporal and spatial trends, and associated health effects in raptors worldwide. Studies consistently demonstrate PFAS ubiquity in raptor tissues (liver, blood, eggs, feathers), with piscivorous species generally exhibiting higher concentrations than terrestrial ones. Legacy long-chain PFAS (≥C8), particularly PFOS, consistently biomagnify in raptor food webs and often exceed proposed toxicological thresholds. Temporal trends show declining PFOS levels in some regions following regulatory restrictions, though replacement PFAS remain poorly characterized. Tissue-specific patterns reveal eggs and liver as suitable matrices for assessing maternal transfer and long-term accumulation, while blood and feathers enable minimally invasive monitoring. Sublethal effects in raptors, combined with parallels in human epidemiology, underscore the relevance of a One Health approach. Standardized, multi-matrix, long-term biomonitoring programs using raptors and complementary sentinel species are recommended to evaluate regulation effectiveness and inform evidence-based mitigation strategies.