This inquiry examined student teachers' perceptions on the advantages of using Social Networking Services (SNS) in an English teacher education program at a public university in Jambi, Indonesia to ease the communication, supervision, discussion, and report submissions between supervisors and student teachers. The networking types included in the program are Whatsapp, Telegram, Email, and Google Form. The method of the research was qualitative through using focus group discussions as the technique of collecting data involving forty-two student teachers. We organized our analysis and discussion around their perceptions and the contexts in which the advantages they perceived emerge. The analyses of the texts revealed that two salient themes with their sub-themes related to the advantages of using Social Networking Services (SNS) in a teacher education program were social interaction (peer discussion and platform to interact with supervisors or lecturers) and learning motivation and experience supports (self-directed learning, promotes critical thinking, content engagement). Some pedagogical and social implications are also discussed.

The goal of education is to foster all students’ intellectual, social, and personal potential to their highest level by providing them with an equitable and equal education irrespective of their characteristics (e.g., ethnicity, social class, language use, religion, and other human differences). Different students and communities should not be excluded in terms of curriculum. At the micro-level classroom, student engagement is central. Teachers should go beyond the prescribed curriculum by working with their students and by including their voices. However, how can students be successful academically and socially if the school curriculum is anchored in the mainstream curriculum, primarily promoting the dominant groups? For example, given that the books, curriculum, and standardised testing are centralised in Indonesia, the content is, of course, generalised for all students. Teachers and schools throughout the country should use the same materials for all students. However, for the disadvantaged children coming from poor, rural, and remote areas, such policies lead them to trouble. They learn the books and materials that are similar to those that the affluent schools and students use in cities, but their values and perspectives are excluded. Also, how can students who are racially, culturally, and linguistically marginalised and low-income families succeed if the curriculum is organised exclusively to maintain the current social structure? The purpose of this paper is to explore the need to move from an exclusive to inclusive curriculum in Indonesia so that all students can succeed academically and socially. The orienting questions for this study are: (1) What do we mean by an exclusive and inclusive curriculum? (2) What are the components of an inclusive curriculum? (3) What should be reformed to create an inclusive curriculum? (4) What kind of leadership is required to guide the reform from an exclusive to an inclusive curriculum?

This study aims to identify elementary school teachers’ perceptions of digital based learning in the 21^st century. Data of this phenomenological qualitative study were collected through interviews with ten teachers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and the validity was tested using source triangulation techniques. The data analysis used descriptive data analysis techniques, including data condensation, data display, and drawing conclusion. The results show that teachers consider digital integration in elementary schools to bring positive changes, both in the process and student learning outcomes. It is proven by student responses in the form of increased motivation, activity, enthusiasm, and critical thinking skills. The findings confirm two things. First, the main factor for the success of digital based learning does not depend on the availability of digital equipments, rather in the competence of the teachers (digital skills, creative thinking, and communication skills). Second, teachers in schools with digital technology infrastructure have better performance in implementing digital based learning than those without the infrastructure. This study has implications for the development trends of the competencies of elementary school teachers. Apparently, digital literacy needs special attention in the development of four teacher competencies. Therefore, teachers can keep up with the era and the tendencies of student characteristics. Keywords: teachers’ perception, digital technology, 21^st century learning.   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi persepsi guru sekolah dasar (SD) tentang pembelajaran berbasis digital abad 21. Data dalam penelitian kualitatif jenis fenomenologi ini dikumpulkan melalui wawancara kepada 10 guru di Daerah Istimewa Yogykarta (DIY) dan diuji keabsahannya melalui teknik triangulasi sumber. Analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis data deskriptif, yang meliputi kondensasi data, penampilan data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa guru menganggap integrasi digital di sekolah dasar membawa perubahan positif, baik dalam proses maupun hasil belajar siswa. Ini dibuktikan oleh respon siswa, berupa peningkatan motivasi, aktivitas, antusiasme, dan keterampilan berpikir kritis. Temuan penelitian ini menegaskan dua hal. Pertama, faktor kunci keberhasilan pembelajaran berbasis digital bukan terletak pada ketersediaan peralatan digital, melainkan pada kompetensi guru (keterampilan digital, pemikiran kreatif, dan keterampilan komunikasi). Kedua, guru di sekolah dengan infrastruktur teknologi digital mempunyai kinerja yang lebih baik dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran berbasis digital daripada guru sekolah tanpa infrastruktur teknologi digital. Penelitian ini berimplikasi terhadap tren pengembangan kompetensi guru SD. Literasi digital pada akhirnya perlu mendapatkan perhatian khusus dalam pengembangan empat kompetensi guru, agar guru mampu mengimbangi perkembangan zaman maupun kecenderungan karakteristik siswa.  Kata kunci: persepsi guru, teknologi digital, pembelajaran abad 21.

Researchers in educational psychology have researched Teacher Self-Concept (TSC) and Teacher Efficacy (TE) as two main predictors predicting burnout. Guided by a model developed by Zhu, Liu, Fu, Yang, Zhang & Shi (2018), the researchers aimed at building a model involving TSC, TE, and three components of burnout; Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Reduced Personal Accomplishment (RPA) through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The researchers investigated predicting factors of burnout by reporting TSC and TE that might directly affect the components and examine the probability of TE to become a mediator of the correlation between TSC and burnout. This research also examined whether the difference emerges constantly among demographic information (gender and teaching experience) regarding all involved variables. A sample of 876 teachers across three Indonesian provinces completed a printed form of questionnaires. Some statistical procedures namely Content Validity Index (CVI), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM), and t-test were conducted. Findings informed that the model is valid and reliable. TSC could directly affect EE, DE, and RPA, as well as indirectly influence them mediated by TE. Besides, TE is also reported to have significant relationships with EE, DE, and RPA. No significant differences in terms of age and teaching experiences emerge, except for EE.

E-learning based on Web 2.0 applications is widely available for education to support teaching and learning efficiency and effectiveness. The objective of this research is to examine factors influencing teachers’ intention to use of Web 2.0 into teaching in Indonesian Vocational High Schools (VHSs) using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) frameworks. Based on these two frameworks, we developed a survey instrument and validated it through face and content validity. For the data analysis, we applied exploratory factorial analyses (EFA). To assess the model, a covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) was used. The study involved 640 respondents who completed 35 online instrument items of seven validated variables. Results informed that there was a significant difference based on gender regarding intention to use Web 2.0; however, no significant differences were informed based on age and teaching subject. Besides, the findings also informed that TPACK, subjective norm, and facilitating condition significantly influenced intention to use Web 2.0.