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Based on the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the Ballast Water Management Convention, or BWM Convention) of the International Maritime Organization, from 8 September 2017, all ships must have an approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System (BWTS) to prevent the invasion of alien species through the discharge of ballast. Generally speaking, the need for an approved BWTS is limited to large vessels, as they are too large or too expensive for small vessels to install. This study aims to propose a simple ballast-free approach for small vessels (e.g., tugs, workboats, research vessels) that require ballast to compensate for the weight loss of fuel when sailing. Our approach involves refitting the dedicated ballast tank of these small vessels to be drinking water tanks and filling the tanks with onboard-generated distilled or reverse osmosis water to adjust the stability of the ships. We assessed our approach using three vessels. Two ships using our proposed method were certified by the American Bureau of Shipping as containing no ballast water tank, and not being subject to the BWM Convention. This study provides an environmentally harmless, easy to use, and economical approach for small vessels to comply with the BWM Convention.
Kun-Tu Lu; Hon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Chen; Li-Lian Liu; Lei Yang; Cheng-Di Dong; Chiu-Wen Chen. Using Onboard-Produced Drinking Water to Achieve Ballast-Free Management. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7648 .
AMA StyleKun-Tu Lu, Hon-Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Chen, Li-Lian Liu, Lei Yang, Cheng-Di Dong, Chiu-Wen Chen. Using Onboard-Produced Drinking Water to Achieve Ballast-Free Management. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7648.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKun-Tu Lu; Hon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Chen; Li-Lian Liu; Lei Yang; Cheng-Di Dong; Chiu-Wen Chen. 2021. "Using Onboard-Produced Drinking Water to Achieve Ballast-Free Management." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7648.
Since half a century ago, the number and area of dead zones (dissolved oxygen (DO) < 2 mg L–1 or 30% saturation) in the coastal oceans has increased dramatically. As widely recognized, the increased terrestrial nutrient and organic matter inputs are the two main factors causing the eutrophication of many coastal oceans. Here we show with decadal observed time series data from stations off the Pearl River Estuary and in the northern South China Sea (nSCS) that a strong intrusion into the nSCS of the West Philippine Sea (WPS) seawater in the form of Kuroshio branch occurred during the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) around 2003–2004 and 2015–2016 (also a strong El Niño event). Consequently, the DO concentration increased but NO3– and PO43– concentrations decreased in the subsurface layers of the nSCS. The WPS seawater was observed to reach the hypoxic area off the Pearl River Estuary in 2003–2004. Likely, due to the oxygen supply carried by the Kuroshio, little hypoxia developed. Yet, anoxic condition developed in the cold phase of PDO or strong La Niña years with weak Kuroshio intrusions.
Hon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Wei-Ping Hou; Jian-Ming Liau; Wen-Chen Chou; You-Lin Wang; Chau-Ron Wu; Jay Lee; Yi-Chia Hsin; Yan-Yu Choi. Intrusion of Kuroshio Helps to Diminish Coastal Hypoxia in the Coast of Northern South China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science 2020, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleHon-Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Wei-Ping Hou, Jian-Ming Liau, Wen-Chen Chou, You-Lin Wang, Chau-Ron Wu, Jay Lee, Yi-Chia Hsin, Yan-Yu Choi. Intrusion of Kuroshio Helps to Diminish Coastal Hypoxia in the Coast of Northern South China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2020; 7 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Wei-Ping Hou; Jian-Ming Liau; Wen-Chen Chou; You-Lin Wang; Chau-Ron Wu; Jay Lee; Yi-Chia Hsin; Yan-Yu Choi. 2020. "Intrusion of Kuroshio Helps to Diminish Coastal Hypoxia in the Coast of Northern South China Sea." Frontiers in Marine Science 7, no. : 1.
The Kuroshio is the most significant current in the western North Pacific Ocean and affects a wide area. This work shows that the intrusion of the oligotrophic upper-layer West Philippine Sea seawater into the South China Sea (SCS) as the branch of Kuroshio reduced the productivity and hence the fluxes of sinking particles in the SCS between 2013 and 2017. Conversely, the productivity in the SCS increased during a large scale Kuroshio intrusion in 1998–2006, indicating that other factors also affected the productivity. Further, the western North Pacific Ocean is acidifying, with the surface seawaters to the west having lower acidification rates. This phenomenon is likely a consequence of enhanced productivity owing to more anthropogenic nutrient inputs from the continent in the west, but needs further investigation. In the East China Sea, the Kuroshio Intermediate Water has increased nutrient concentrations, but decreased in both dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH, most likely owing to reduced ventilation in the North Pacific Intermediate Water. Further warming of the surface oceans would strengthen the stratification of the surface ocean, weakening ventilation. Consequently, DO and pH would continue to decline while nutrients level increases.
Hon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Wei-Ping Hou; Shujie Yu; Jui-Wen Chan; Yan Bai; Xianqiang He. Transient Carbonate Chemistry in the Expanded Kuroshio Region. Atmosphere, Earth, Ocean & Space 2020, 307 -320.
AMA StyleHon-Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Wei-Ping Hou, Shujie Yu, Jui-Wen Chan, Yan Bai, Xianqiang He. Transient Carbonate Chemistry in the Expanded Kuroshio Region. Atmosphere, Earth, Ocean & Space. 2020; ():307-320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Wei-Ping Hou; Shujie Yu; Jui-Wen Chan; Yan Bai; Xianqiang He. 2020. "Transient Carbonate Chemistry in the Expanded Kuroshio Region." Atmosphere, Earth, Ocean & Space , no. : 307-320.
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the submarine seepage of all fluids from coastal sediments into the overlying coastal seas. It has been well documented that the SGD may contribute a great deal of allochthonous nutrients to the coastlines. It is, however, less known how much carbon enters the ocean via the SGD. Nutrients (NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4, SiO2), alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the submarine groundwater were measured at 20 locations around Taiwan for the first time. The total N/P/Si yields from the SGD in Taiwan are respectively 3.28 ± 2.3 × 104, 2.6 ± 1.8 × 102 and 1.89 ± 1.33 × 104 mol/km2/a, compared with 9.5 ± 6.7 × 105 mol/km2/a for alkalinity and 8.8 ± 6.2 × 105 mol/km2/a for DIC. To compare with literature data, yields for the major estuary across the Taiwan Strait (Jiulong River) are comparable except for P which is extremely low. Primary production supported by these nutrient outflows is insufficient to compensate the DIC supplied by the SGD. As a result, the SGD helps making the coastal waters in Taiwan and Jiulong River heterotrophic.
Shu-Lun Wang; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Ting-Hsuan Huang; Hsiao-Chun Tseng; Hon-Kit Lui; Tsung-Ren Peng; Selvaraj Kandasamy; Jing Zhang; Liyang Yang; Xuelu Gao; Jiann-Yuh Lou; Fu-Wen Kuo; Xue-Gang Chen; Ying Ye; Yi-Jie Lin. Submarine Groundwater Discharge helps making nearshore waters heterotrophic. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 1 -10.
AMA StyleShu-Lun Wang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Ting-Hsuan Huang, Hsiao-Chun Tseng, Hon-Kit Lui, Tsung-Ren Peng, Selvaraj Kandasamy, Jing Zhang, Liyang Yang, Xuelu Gao, Jiann-Yuh Lou, Fu-Wen Kuo, Xue-Gang Chen, Ying Ye, Yi-Jie Lin. Submarine Groundwater Discharge helps making nearshore waters heterotrophic. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShu-Lun Wang; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Ting-Hsuan Huang; Hsiao-Chun Tseng; Hon-Kit Lui; Tsung-Ren Peng; Selvaraj Kandasamy; Jing Zhang; Liyang Yang; Xuelu Gao; Jiann-Yuh Lou; Fu-Wen Kuo; Xue-Gang Chen; Ying Ye; Yi-Jie Lin. 2018. "Submarine Groundwater Discharge helps making nearshore waters heterotrophic." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 1-10.
The sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the form of organic carbon and its eventual deposition in the sediments is an important component of the marine carbon cycle. In the Sulu Sea, Philippines, organic carbon contents in the sediments have been relatively well studied, but the processes that describe the organic carbon distributions in the water column have not been elucidated. Dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) concentrations were measured at several stations in the Sulu Sea during the northeast monsoon of 2007/2008 to understand the dynamics of organic carbon in this unique internal sea. Analyses of primary productivity estimates, beam attenuation coefficient (at 660 nm) profiles, and correlation coefficients among DOC, POC and other parameters (e.g., apparent oxygen utilization) at different layers of the water column indicate that surface primary productivity, upwelling, bottom intensified flows across sills, and ventilation from shallow sills, which may contain semi-labile DOC that is estimated to largely contribute to microbial respiration in the bathypelagic layer, are the major processes that affect the DOC and POC distributions in the Sulu Sea. The variability of these processes should be taken into consideration when assessing the sustainability of internal and marginal seas as carbon sinks.
Charissa M. Ferrera; Gil S. Jacinto; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui. Organic Carbon Concentrations in High- and Low-Productivity Areas of the Sulu Sea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1867 .
AMA StyleCharissa M. Ferrera, Gil S. Jacinto, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Hon-Kit Lui. Organic Carbon Concentrations in High- and Low-Productivity Areas of the Sulu Sea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharissa M. Ferrera; Gil S. Jacinto; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui. 2018. "Organic Carbon Concentrations in High- and Low-Productivity Areas of the Sulu Sea." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1867.
The inter-annual variations in the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean have been widely investigated, largely due to their importance in achieving the sustainable development of marine ecosystems under a changing climate. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a widely recognized variability. In the subpolar region in the southern hemisphere, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is one of the main sources of the Peru Current. A change in the SST in the Southern Ocean may change the physical properties of the seawater in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean. However, the variations in the SST in the Southern Ocean have rarely been addressed. This study uses a 147-year (1870–2016) dataset from the Met Office Hadley Centre to show that the SST anomalies (SSTAs) in the oceans west and east of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula have strong positive (R = 0.56) and negative (R = −0.67) correlations with the Niño 3.4 SSTA, respectively. Such correlations are likely related to the changes in circulations of the ACC. We further show that, statistically, the temporal variations in the SSTAs of the ACC lead the Niño 3.4 SSTA by four to six months. Such findings imply that change in the strength of ENSO or circulation under the changing climate could change the climate in regions at higher latitudes as well.
Yu-Chen Hsu; Chung-Pan Lee; You-Lin Wang; Chau-Ron Wu; Hon-Kit Lui. Leading El-Niño SST Oscillations around the Southern South American Continent. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1783 .
AMA StyleYu-Chen Hsu, Chung-Pan Lee, You-Lin Wang, Chau-Ron Wu, Hon-Kit Lui. Leading El-Niño SST Oscillations around the Southern South American Continent. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1783.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu-Chen Hsu; Chung-Pan Lee; You-Lin Wang; Chau-Ron Wu; Hon-Kit Lui. 2018. "Leading El-Niño SST Oscillations around the Southern South American Continent." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1783.
Understanding the driving forces of absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans is critical for a sustainable ocean carbon cycle. Decadal sinking particle flux data collected at 1000 m, 2000 m, and 3500 m at the South East Asia Time Series Study (SEATS) Station (18° N, 116° E), which was located in the northern South China Sea (nSCS), show that the fluxes undergo strong seasonal and interannual variability. Changes in the flux data are correlated with the satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration, indicating that the mass fluxes of the sinking particles are largely controlled by the export production at or near the SEATS station. The cooling of seawater and the strengthening of wind in winter increase the nutrient inventories in the euphotic zone, thus also increasing export production in the nSCS. This study reveals that the intrusion of low-nutrient seawater from the West Philippine Sea into the nSCS significantly reduces the productivity, and hence the flux, of sinking particles.
Hon-Kit Lui; Kuang-Yu Chen; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Bo-Shian Wang; Hui-Ling Lin; Shih-Hu Ho; Chiung-Jung Tseng; Yih Yang; Jui-Wen Chan. Physical Forcing-Driven Productivity and Sediment Flux to the Deep Basin of Northern South China Sea: A Decadal Time Series Study. Sustainability 2018, 10, 971 .
AMA StyleHon-Kit Lui, Kuang-Yu Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Bo-Shian Wang, Hui-Ling Lin, Shih-Hu Ho, Chiung-Jung Tseng, Yih Yang, Jui-Wen Chan. Physical Forcing-Driven Productivity and Sediment Flux to the Deep Basin of Northern South China Sea: A Decadal Time Series Study. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):971.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon-Kit Lui; Kuang-Yu Chen; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Bo-Shian Wang; Hui-Ling Lin; Shih-Hu Ho; Chiung-Jung Tseng; Yih Yang; Jui-Wen Chan. 2018. "Physical Forcing-Driven Productivity and Sediment Flux to the Deep Basin of Northern South China Sea: A Decadal Time Series Study." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 971.
Oceans worldwide are undergoing acidification due to the penetration of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere1,2,3,4. The rate of acidification generally diminishes with increasing depth. Yet, slowing down of the thermohaline circulation due to global warming could reduce the pH in the deep oceans, as more organic material would decompose with a longer residence time. To elucidate this process, a time-series study at a climatically sensitive region with sufficient duration and resolution is needed. Here we show that deep waters in the Sea of Japan are undergoing reduced ventilation, reducing the pH of seawater. As a result, the acidification rate near the bottom of the Sea of Japan is 27% higher than the rate at the surface, which is the same as that predicted assuming an air–sea CO2 equilibrium. This reduced ventilation may be due to global warming and, as an oceanic microcosm with its own deep- and bottom-water formations, the Sea of Japan provides an insight into how future warming might alter the deep-ocean acidification.
Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui; Chia-Han Hsieh; Tetsuo Yanagi; Naohiro Kosugi; Masao Ishii; Gwo-Ching Gong. Deep oceans may acidify faster than anticipated due to global warming. Nature Climate Change 2017, 7, 890 -894.
AMA StyleChen-Tung Arthur Chen, Hon-Kit Lui, Chia-Han Hsieh, Tetsuo Yanagi, Naohiro Kosugi, Masao Ishii, Gwo-Ching Gong. Deep oceans may acidify faster than anticipated due to global warming. Nature Climate Change. 2017; 7 (12):890-894.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui; Chia-Han Hsieh; Tetsuo Yanagi; Naohiro Kosugi; Masao Ishii; Gwo-Ching Gong. 2017. "Deep oceans may acidify faster than anticipated due to global warming." Nature Climate Change 7, no. 12: 890-894.
Seawater pH is frequently measured at 25°C (pH25), and can be converted thermodynamically to pH at the in situ temperature (T), (pHinsitu) using an additional carbonate chemistry parameter, which is the total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), or the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) of seawater. Although rates of temporal change of pHinsitu ( ) and pH25 ( ) are both extensively used in studies of ocean acidification, the difference between and has not yet been quantified. This study deducts from 816 sets of data of the surface oceans over wide ranges of T (1–31°C) from six time series to reveal that the difference between calculated pHinsitu and pH25 is a1 (T 25°C), where a1 is a nearly constant of −0.0151 pH unit °C−1. We illustrate that equals ( + a1), where is the rate of temporal change of T. We further show that uneven distributions of sampling points significantly widen the difference between and , making the degree of ocean acidification unclear. Distributions of a1 values are modeled for the surfaces of the global oceans at various pCO2 levels, and they closely match the observations from the studied time series. Without the use of an additional carbonate chemistry parameter, the pHinsitu and pH25, as well as and can now be converted into each other using only T, facilitating the study of the changing carbonate chemistry of seawater under the influences of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Hon-Kit Lui; Chen‐Tung Arthur Chen. Reconciliation of pH25 and pHinsitu acidification rates of the surface oceans: A simple conversion using only in situ temperature. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2017, 15, 328 -335.
AMA StyleHon-Kit Lui, Chen‐Tung Arthur Chen. Reconciliation of pH25 and pHinsitu acidification rates of the surface oceans: A simple conversion using only in situ temperature. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 2017; 15 (3):328-335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon-Kit Lui; Chen‐Tung Arthur Chen. 2017. "Reconciliation of pH25 and pHinsitu acidification rates of the surface oceans: A simple conversion using only in situ temperature." Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 15, no. 3: 328-335.
Dissolved inorganic and organic carbons (DIC and DOC) provide two of the largest pools of carbon in the ocean. However, limited information is available concerning the relationship between DIC and different constituents of dissolved organic matter (DOM), such as fluorescent compounds. This study investigates the dynamics of DOM and their implications for carbon and nutrient cycling in the east Taiwan Strait, using DOC, absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). The study area was dominated by the waters from the South China Sea during the sampling period in summer 2013. The dynamics of DOM were influenced strongly by microbial activities, as indicated by the close correlations (the absolute value of r: 0.75–0.97, p < 0.001) between apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and DOM parameters, including DOC, the absorption coefficient at 280 nm, the fluorescence intensity of protein-like component C3, and the humification index HIX. The contribution of DOC degradation to the net increase in DIC was approximately 15% and 21% in the north and the south of the east Taiwan Strait, respectively. The DIC was correlated negatively with protein-like fluorescence, revealing the production of DIC by the microbial degradation of labile components. The DIC was correlated positively with humic-like fluorescence and HIX, suggesting that the storage of carbon by produced refractory humic substances could not compensate for the release of DIC in the deeper waters. The correlations of nutrients with DOM parameters were similar to those of DIC, further indicating the profound impacts of the dynamics of labile DOM on nutrient cycling.
Liyang Yang; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui; Wan-E Zhuang; Bing-Jye Wang. Effects of microbial transformation on dissolved organic matter in the east Taiwan Strait and implications for carbon and nutrient cycling. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2016, 180, 59 -68.
AMA StyleLiyang Yang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Hon-Kit Lui, Wan-E Zhuang, Bing-Jye Wang. Effects of microbial transformation on dissolved organic matter in the east Taiwan Strait and implications for carbon and nutrient cycling. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2016; 180 ():59-68.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiyang Yang; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui; Wan-E Zhuang; Bing-Jye Wang. 2016. "Effects of microbial transformation on dissolved organic matter in the east Taiwan Strait and implications for carbon and nutrient cycling." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 180, no. : 59-68.
Geochemical characteristics of phosphorus (P) in the surface sediments of the East China Sea shelf (ECSS) were studied in spring and autumn, 2014. Distributions, seasonal variations, transformations and their influencing factors were discussed. Besides, burial fluxes of P in different seasons were also calculated. Five operationally defined forms of P, namely exchangeable or loosely sorbed P (Ads-P), iron-bound P (Fe-P), authigenic P (Au-P), detrital apatite plus other inorganic P (De-P) and organic P (OP), were obtained using a sequential extraction procedure. Generally, the concentrations of Ads-P, Fe-P, Au-P and OP decreased seaward and the concentrations of De-P increased seaward in both seasons. In spring, the average concentrations of Ads-P, Fe-P, Au-P, De-P and OP were 13.8 ± 5.0, 21.9 ± 7.6, 148.5 ± 44.5, 153.1 ± 55.8 and 91.7 ± 21.5 μg g− 1, respectively. The corresponding concentrations in autumn were 11.4 ± 4.3, 20.0 ± 10.9, 170.4 ± 53.6, 225.6 ± 101.7 and 77.1 ± 33.9 μg g− 1, respectively. The average percentages of P fractions in total P (TP) in spring and autumn were both in the order: De-P > Au-P > OP > Fe-P > Ads-P. The average concentrations of Bio-available P (Bio-P) were 127.4 ± 31.4 μg g− 1 in spring and 108.5 ± 47.2 μg g− 1 in autumn, accounting for 29.8% ± 7.3% and 21.5% ± 8.2% of corresponding TP, respectively. Seasonal variations of the primary production, hydrodynamic conditions, hypoxia and other environmental conditions were responsible for the seasonal variations of different phosphorus forms. The calculation of burial fluxes reflected that, in most parts of the studied area, TP had relative high burial fluxes in autumn, while Bio-P had relatively high burial fluxes in spring. The burial fluxes of other phosphorus forms also showed different seasonal variations in different parts of the studied area.
Fengxia Zhou; Xuelu Gao; Huamao Yuan; Jinming Song; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui; Yong Zhang. Geochemical forms and seasonal variations of phosphorus in surface sediments of the East China Sea shelf. Journal of Marine Systems 2016, 159, 41 -54.
AMA StyleFengxia Zhou, Xuelu Gao, Huamao Yuan, Jinming Song, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Hon-Kit Lui, Yong Zhang. Geochemical forms and seasonal variations of phosphorus in surface sediments of the East China Sea shelf. Journal of Marine Systems. 2016; 159 ():41-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFengxia Zhou; Xuelu Gao; Huamao Yuan; Jinming Song; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon-Kit Lui; Yong Zhang. 2016. "Geochemical forms and seasonal variations of phosphorus in surface sediments of the East China Sea shelf." Journal of Marine Systems 159, no. : 41-54.
Hon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Jay Lee; Shu-Lun Wang; Gwo-Ching Gong; Yan Bai; Xianqiang He. Acidifying intermediate water accelerates the acidification of seawater on shelves: An example of the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 2015, 111, 223 -233.
AMA StyleHon Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Jay Lee, Shu-Lun Wang, Gwo-Ching Gong, Yan Bai, Xianqiang He. Acidifying intermediate water accelerates the acidification of seawater on shelves: An example of the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research. 2015; 111 ():223-233.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Jay Lee; Shu-Lun Wang; Gwo-Ching Gong; Yan Bai; Xianqiang He. 2015. "Acidifying intermediate water accelerates the acidification of seawater on shelves: An example of the East China Sea." Continental Shelf Research 111, no. : 223-233.
Liyang Yang; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Huasheng Hong; Yu-Chang Chang; Hon Kit Lui. Mixing behavior and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in two contrasting subterranean estuaries as revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2015, 166, 161 -169.
AMA StyleLiyang Yang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Huasheng Hong, Yu-Chang Chang, Hon Kit Lui. Mixing behavior and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in two contrasting subterranean estuaries as revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2015; 166 ():161-169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiyang Yang; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Huasheng Hong; Yu-Chang Chang; Hon Kit Lui. 2015. "Mixing behavior and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in two contrasting subterranean estuaries as revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 166, no. : 161-169.
The concentration and geochemical fractionation of six trace metals related with environmental quality assessment, namely Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in 30 surface sediments from both inshore and offshore areas of the Taiwan Strait were measured to investigate their distribution characteristics, evaluate their potential mobility, and assess their pollution status. The geoaccumulation index results indicated that, on average, the studied metals presented an order of Cd > Pb > Ni > Zn > Cu > Cr and were practically in uncontaminated status except Cd. The results of the sequential extraction analysis indicated that, on average, the studied metals were mostly accumulated in residual fraction except Cd whose concentration was the highest in the acid soluble fraction presenting a high risk to the environment, and their mobility decreased in the sequence of Cd > Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr. Based on the mean probable effect level quotients, the combination of the studied metals had an 8 % probability of being toxic at two sampling sites and had a 21 % probability of being toxic at the rest of sites. The spatial distribution of the studied metals in total concentrations and different geochemical fractions corroborated the previous findings about the possible sediment transportation routes in and around the Taiwan Strait.
Xuelu Gao; Fengxia Zhou; Hon-Kit Lui; Jiann-Yuh Lou; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Wen Zhuang. Trace metals in surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait: geochemical characteristics and environmental indication. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2015, 23, 10494 -10503.
AMA StyleXuelu Gao, Fengxia Zhou, Hon-Kit Lui, Jiann-Yuh Lou, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Wen Zhuang. Trace metals in surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait: geochemical characteristics and environmental indication. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015; 23 (11):10494-10503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXuelu Gao; Fengxia Zhou; Hon-Kit Lui; Jiann-Yuh Lou; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Wen Zhuang. 2015. "Trace metals in surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait: geochemical characteristics and environmental indication." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, no. 11: 10494-10503.
We show that, statistically, the simple linear regression (SLR)-determined rate of temporal change in seawater pH (βpH), the so-called acidification rate, can be expressed as a linear combination of a constant (the estimated rate of temporal change in pH) and SLR-determined rates of temporal changes in other variables (deviation largely due to various sampling distributions), despite complications due to different observation durations and temporal sampling distributions. Observations show that five time series data sets worldwide, with observation times from 9 to 23 years, have yielded βpH values that vary from 1.61 × 10−3 to −2.5 × 10−3 pH unit yr−1. After correcting for the deviation, these data now all yield an acidification rate similar to what is expected under the air-sea CO2 equilibrium (−1.6 × 10−3 ~ −1.8 × 10−3 pH unit yr−1). Although long-term time series stations may have evenly distributed datasets, shorter time series may suffer large errors which are correctable by this method.
Hon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. Deducing acidification rates based on short-term time series. Scientific Reports 2015, 5, 11517 .
AMA StyleHon Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. Deducing acidification rates based on short-term time series. Scientific Reports. 2015; 5 (1):11517.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. 2015. "Deducing acidification rates based on short-term time series." Scientific Reports 5, no. 1: 11517.
The Penghu Channel is the main channel connecting the East and South China Seas, two of the largest marginal seas in the world. Located in the southeast of Taiwan Strait, the Penghu Channel is usually covered by the high salinity water from the South China Sea and the Kuroshio. However, we observed abnormal low-salinity water in the Penghu Channel during a cruise through the southern Taiwan Strait and northern South China Sea in August 2008. We argue that the normalized alkalinity is a good indicator for the identification of a river plume as it is not affected by rainwater. Using satellite-derived water transparency and chlorophyll images and field-measured alkalinity, the source of this low salinity water was found to be the intrusion of the Pearl River plume. A significant phytoplankton bloom across the entire Taiwan Strait occurred with the intrusion event. The intrusion was not a unique event, as we also found a strong jet-shaped Pearl River plume intruding into the Penghu Channel in the summer of 2009 from cloud-free satellite-derived images. Time series satellite data reveal that the Pearl River plume intrudes into the Penghu Channel in the summer of most years. Multiple data analysis and modeling simulation indicate that a large river discharge and strong southwesterly winds on the shelf may be responsible for the significant intrusion of the Pearl River plume into the Penghu Channel in summer. As the Pearl River plume has a high nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon content, combined with the strong northward flows through the Penghu Channel, such intrusions may contribute to the nutrient dynamics and carbon budget of the East and northern South China Seas.
Yan Bai; Ting-Hsuan Huang; Xianqiang He; Shu-Lun Wang; Yi-Chia Hsin; Chau-Ron Wu; Wei-Dong Zhai; Hon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. Intrusion of the Pearl River plume into the main channel of the Taiwan Strait in summer. Journal of Sea Research 2015, 95, 1 -15.
AMA StyleYan Bai, Ting-Hsuan Huang, Xianqiang He, Shu-Lun Wang, Yi-Chia Hsin, Chau-Ron Wu, Wei-Dong Zhai, Hon Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. Intrusion of the Pearl River plume into the main channel of the Taiwan Strait in summer. Journal of Sea Research. 2015; 95 ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan Bai; Ting-Hsuan Huang; Xianqiang He; Shu-Lun Wang; Yi-Chia Hsin; Chau-Ron Wu; Wei-Dong Zhai; Hon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. 2015. "Intrusion of the Pearl River plume into the main channel of the Taiwan Strait in summer." Journal of Sea Research 95, no. : 1-15.
Hon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Jay Lee; Yan Bai; Xianqiang He. Looming hypoxia on outer shelves caused by reduced ventilation in the open oceans: Case study of the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2014, 151, 355 -360.
AMA StyleHon-Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Jay Lee, Yan Bai, Xianqiang He. Looming hypoxia on outer shelves caused by reduced ventilation in the open oceans: Case study of the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2014; 151 ():355-360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon-Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Jay Lee; Yan Bai; Xianqiang He. 2014. "Looming hypoxia on outer shelves caused by reduced ventilation in the open oceans: Case study of the East China Sea." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 151, no. : 355-360.
Jiann-Yuh Lou; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon Kit Lui; Kandasamy Selvaraj; Shu-Rong Zhang; Xi Xi Lu. Comparison of subtropical surface water chemistry between the large Pearl River in China and small mountainous rivers in Taiwan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2014, 79, 182 -190.
AMA StyleJiann-Yuh Lou, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Hon Kit Lui, Kandasamy Selvaraj, Shu-Rong Zhang, Xi Xi Lu. Comparison of subtropical surface water chemistry between the large Pearl River in China and small mountainous rivers in Taiwan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2014; 79 ():182-190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiann-Yuh Lou; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen; Hon Kit Lui; Kandasamy Selvaraj; Shu-Rong Zhang; Xi Xi Lu. 2014. "Comparison of subtropical surface water chemistry between the large Pearl River in China and small mountainous rivers in Taiwan." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 79, no. : 182-190.
Hon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. The nonlinear relationship between nutrient ratios and salinity in estuarine ecosystems: implications for management. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2012, 4, 227 -232.
AMA StyleHon Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. The nonlinear relationship between nutrient ratios and salinity in estuarine ecosystems: implications for management. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2012; 4 (2):227-232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. 2012. "The nonlinear relationship between nutrient ratios and salinity in estuarine ecosystems: implications for management." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4, no. 2: 227-232.
Hon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. Shifts in limiting nutrients in an estuary caused by mixing and biological activity. Limnology and Oceanography 2011, 56, 989 -998.
AMA StyleHon Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. Shifts in limiting nutrients in an estuary caused by mixing and biological activity. Limnology and Oceanography. 2011; 56 (3):989-998.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHon Kit Lui; Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. 2011. "Shifts in limiting nutrients in an estuary caused by mixing and biological activity." Limnology and Oceanography 56, no. 3: 989-998.