Advances in DNA sequencing have made it easier to sequence and assemble plant genomes. Here, we extend an earlier study, and compare recent methods for long read sequencing and assembly. Updated Oxford Nanopore Technology software improved assemblies. Using more accurate sequences produced by repeated sequencing of the same molecule (Pacific Biosciences HiFi) resulted in less fragmented assembly of sequencing reads. Using data for increased genome coverage resulted in longer contigs, but reduced total assembly length and improved genome completeness. The original model species, Macadamia jansenii, was also compared with three other Macadamia species, as well as avocado (Persea americana) and jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). In these angiosperms, increasing sequence data volumes caused a linear increase in contig size, decreased assembly length and further improved already high completeness. Differences in genome size and sequence complexity influenced the success of assembly. Advances in long read sequencing technology continue to improve plant genome sequencing and assembly. However, results were improved by greater genome coverage, with the amount needed to achieve a particular level of assembly being species dependent.

The main consequence of climate change on temperature is global warming. Over the past century, worldwide temperature has increased, rising by about 0.14 degrees Fahrenheit every year. Rising temperature negatively affects morphology, physiology, and yield of crops. Over the last 5 years, agriculture production in Pakistan affected due to temperature increase. Pakistan is an agriculture based developing country. About 2.2% GDP of Pakistan depends on wheat crop which is 1^st major cereal crop and ranked as staple food. Nutritionally it provides proteins, dietary fibers, carbohydrates, calcium, and other important compounds but because of the harmful effects of a high temperature, yield of wheat crop in Pakistan has reduced to lowest levels in the last few years. Heat stress affects wheat plants by reducing growth, raised reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, denature cell membranes, and enzymes activity, decreasing photosynthetic activity and disturbing respiration processes. Improving wheat crop productivity is urgently needed to feed the rapidly growing population. Several techniques like Quantitative Trait Locus mapping, omics techniques, and application of nutrients have been used in the past to mitigate high temperature effect on wheat and other different crop plants. This review critically analyzes the response of wheat towards heat stress and its impacts on wheat crop as well as provides critical information on advanced strategies and techniques for the mitigation of heat stress.

This study evaluates the projected impact of climate change on wheat production in Northwest Tunisia, specifically at Medjez El Beb (36.67 m, 9.74°) and Slougia (36.66 m, 9.6°), for the period 2041–2070. Using the CNRM-CM5.1 and GFDL-ESM2M climate models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, coupled with the AquaCrop and SIMPLE crop growth models, we compared model outputs with observed data from 2016 to 2020 to assess model performance. The objective was to determine how different climate models and scenarios affect wheat yields, biomass, and growth duration. Under RCP4.5, projected average yields are 7.709 q/ha with AquaCrop and 7.703 q/ha with GFDL-ESM2M. Under RCP8.5, yields are 7.765 tons/ha with AquaCrop and 7.198 q/ha with SIMPLE Crop, indicating that reduced emissions could improve wheat growth conditions. Biomass predictions showed significant variation: in Medjez El Beb, average biomass is 17.99 tons/ha with AquaCrop and 18.73 tons/ha with SIMPLE Crop under RCP8.5. In Slougia, average biomass is 18.90 tons/ha with AquaCrop and 19.04 tons/ha with SIMPLE Crop under the same scenario. Growth duration varied, with AquaCrop predicting 175 days in Medjez El Beb and 178 days in Slougia, while SIMPLE Crop predicted 180 days in Medjez El Beb and 182 days in Slougia, with a standard deviation of ±12 days for both models. SIMPLE Crop demonstrated higher accuracy in predicting growth cycle duration and yield, particularly in Slougia, with mean bias errors of −3.6 days and 2.26 q/ha. Conversely, AquaCrop excelled in biomass prediction with an agreement index of 0.97 at Slougia. Statistical analysis revealed significant yield differences based on climate models and emission scenarios, with GFDL-ESM2M under RCP4.5 showing more favorable conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of model selection and calibration for accurately projecting the agricultural impacts of climate change, and they provide insights for enhancing prediction accuracy and informing adaptation strategies for sustainable wheat production in Northwest Tunisia.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a significant global staple crop, which is important for its nutritional and economic value. However, the negative effects of drought and chilling stress, induced by climate change, are rapidly increasing threats to compromise its healthy yield. The processes that are affected by chilling stress are reduced growth, impaired photosynthesis, increased susceptibility to disease and pests, late flowering and reduced leaf size. Growth components of plants such as gibberellic acid, calcium, abscisic acid and salicylic acid can control the maize response to chilling stress. Conversely, drought stress, which is brought on by insufficient water availability, interferes with essential functions like the roots' ability to absorb water and nutrients, increases transpiration losses, causes the leaves to roll, and delays senescence. To improve drought tolerance ability in maize, glycine betaine, potassium and foliar calcium spray are worthwhile. Events that combine freezing and drought present a difficult challenge and reduce maize productivity. Reduced yields of maize not only place food security at risk, but also have severe economic implications on farmers and countries that depend mainly on maize production. Implementing proactive approaches, including as breeding initiatives, precision agriculture, water management, farming systems can present workable ways to minimize the impacts these stresses and defend maize production under prevailing fluctuating environment. This review highlights the most recent findings on the impact of drought and cold weather on corn plants. Potential management strategies for regulating plant tolerance mechanisms to drought and cold stress are also outlined.