Drones have rapidly emerged as transformative tools in landscape research, enabling high-resolution spatial data acquisition, real-time environmental monitoring, and advanced modelling that surpass the limitations of traditional methodologies. This scoping review systematically explores and synthesises the technological applications of drones within the context of landscape studies, addressing a significant gap in the integration of Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UASs) into environmental and spatial planning disciplines. The study investigates the typologies of drone platforms—including fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and hybrid systems—alongside a detailed examination of sensor technologies such as RGB, LiDAR, multispectral, and hyperspectral imaging. Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, utilising predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings reveal that drone technologies are predominantly applied in mapping and modelling, vegetation and biodiversity analysis, water resource management, urban planning, cultural heritage documentation, and sustainable tourism development. Notably, vegetation analysis and water management have shown a remarkable surge in application over the past five years, highlighting global shifts towards sustainability-focused landscape interventions. These applications are critically evaluated in terms of spatial efficiency, operational flexibility, and interdisciplinary relevance. This review concludes that integrating drones with Geographic Information Systems (GISs), artificial intelligence (AI), and remote sensing frameworks substantially enhances analytical capacity, supports climate-resilient landscape planning, and offers novel pathways for multi-scalar environmental research and practice.

Agricultural terraces are critical landscape elements that promote sustainable rural development by enhancing water retention, mitigating soil erosion, and conserving cultural heritage. In northeastern Türkiye, particularly in the mountainous Erikli neighborhood of Uzundere, traditional terraces face growing threats due to land abandonment, topographic fragility, and socio–economic decline. This study applies a spatial–functional assessment framework that integrates UAV–based photogrammetry, GIS analysis, terrain modeling, and DBSCAN clustering to evaluate terrace conditions. UAVs provided high–resolution topographic data, which supported the delineation of terrace boundaries and morphometric classification using an adapted ALPTER model. A combined Terrace Density Index (TDI) and Functional Status Index (FSI) approach identified zones where terraces are structurally intact but functionally degraded. Results indicate that 76.4% of terraces fall within the meso and macro classes, yet 58% show partial or complete degradation. Cohesive terrace clusters are located near settlements, while isolated units in peripheral zones display higher vulnerability. This integrated approach demonstrates the analytical potential of drone–supported spatial diagnostics for monitoring landscape degradation. The method is scalable and adaptable to other terraced regions, offering practical tools for site–specific land use planning, heritage conservation, and resilience–based restoration strategies.

This research was carried out at the Öşkvank Monastery, located within the Uzundere district of Erzurum province in the northeast of Turkey. Öşkvank Monastery is a significant cultural heritage and tourism asset for the region with a history dating back to the 10th century. Despite its importance as a tourism attraction, the monastery currently lacks any protection or management strategy that threatens the transfer of the monastery to future generations. This research focuses on the management of cultural heritage through sustainable tourism development, and it was conducted using a mixed methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative studies. As part of the research, a survey was made, and Öşkvank Monastery was evaluated in terms of sustainable tourism principles. The survey results showed that the participants did not appreciate Öşkvank Monastery regarding sustainable tourism principles. A SWOT analysis was performed through a focus group study to identify the internal (strengths, weaknesses) and external (opportunities, threats) conditions of the region in relation to sustainable tourism. Based on the SWOT analysis, a TOWS matrix was developed and strategies for sustainable tourism development were formulated. TOWS strategies were classified by the content analysis method, and an eight-step Cultural Heritage Management Framework (CHMF) was prepared.

En tr The goal of research, is to make visual quality assessment of some recreational facilities in Tortum and Uzundere districts of Erzurum province and to evalue association between visual qualities with existing landscape elements in location. Research areas constitute from part between 64-102 kilometers of Erzurum-Artvin highway. In the study was used four pieces photographs representing recreational facilities and carried out survey study with 200 people. İn made evaluation, became the highest values having image Yedigöller Alabalık Tesisleri 4 (YP4) in harmony (6,58), diversity (6,34), average virtality (6,40) and average visual quality (6,44). The having lowest values images became Aksukapı Dinlenme Tesisleri 1 (AP1) in harmony (1,71), average virtality (1,69) and average visual quality (1,70) and Asmalı Konak Dinlenme Tesisleri 1 (AKP1) in diversity (1,66). In addition, in research was concluded that visitors evaluate more effective and high quality for visual aspect images offering diversity in terms of elements landscape and to be compatible with each other and form a unity of natural and cultural elements belonging to landscape Bu araştırmanın amacı Erzurum ili, Tortum ve Uzundere ilçelerindeki bazı rekreasyonel tesislerin görsel kalite değerlendirmesini yapmak ve yöredeki mevcut peyzaj bileşenleri ile görsel kalite arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir. Araştırma alanı Erzurum-Artvin (D950-02) karayolunun 64-102. kilometreleri arasındaki bölümünden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada tesisleri temsil eden 4’er adet fotoğraf kullanılmış ve 200 kişiyle anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Yapılan değerlendirmede uyumda (6,58), çeşitlilikte (6,34), ortalama canlılıkta (6,40) ve ortalama görsel kalitede (6,44) en yüksek değerlere sahip olan görüntü Yedigöller Alabalık Tesisleri 4 (YP4) olmuştur. En düşük değerlere sahip olan görüntüler ise uyumda (1,71), ortalama canlılıkta (1,69) ve ortalama görsel kalitede (1,70) Aksukapı Dinlenme Tesisleri 1 (AP1), çeşitlilikte (1,66) ise Asmalı Konak Dinlenme Tesisleri 1 (AKP1) olmuştur. Ayrıca araştırmada, ziyaretçilerin peyzaj elemanları bakımından çeşitlilik sunan ve peyzaja ait doğal ve kültürel elemanların birbiriyle uyumlu ve bir bütünlük oluşturduğu görüntüleri görsel yönden daha etkili ve kaliteli olarak değerlendirdikleri sonucuna varılmıştır.Ayrıca araştırmada, ziyaretçilerin peyzaj elemanları bakımından çeşitlilik sunan ve peyzaja ait doğal ve kültürel elemanların birbiriyle uyumlu ve bir bütünlük oluşturduğu görüntüleri görsel yönden daha etkili ve kaliteli olarak değerlendirdikleri sonucuna varılmıştır.

Yeşil alanlar kentlerde; sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel, mekânsal, fiziksel ve ekolojik işlevleriyle, kentsel ekosistem hizmetlerinin ana üretim alanlarıdır. Kentlerin yeşil alan sistemleri, aktif ve pasif yeşil alanlardan oluşmaktadır. Aktif yeşil alanlar her yaştan kent insanının dinlenme, eğlenme, spor yapma, yürüme ve oyun oynama gibi aktiviteleri gerçekleştirebildikleri parklar, çocuk oyun alanları, spor alanları, rekreasyon alanları gibi alanların tamamıdır. Aktif yeşil alanların kentsel ekosistem hizmetlerini yerine getirebilmesi, niceliksel ve niteliksel olarak bazı özelliklere sahip olmasıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada Erzurum ili Palandöken ilçesi Adnan Menderes mahallesindeki aktif yeşil alanlar incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, mahalle ölçeğindeki aktif yeşil alanların niceliksel ve niteliksel olarak yeterliliğini değerlendirmektir. Çalışma kapsamında mahalledeki aktif yeşil alanların büyüklükleri hesaplanarak, kişi başı aktif yeşil alan miktarı belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında aktif yeşil alanların 28 kriter doğrultusunda niteliksel değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Çalışma ile mahalledeki aktif yeşil alan miktarı 5,09 m2/kişi olarak hesaplanmıştır. Niteliksel değerlendirmede ise mahalledeki aktif yeşil alanların büyük bir bölümünün düşük nitelikli olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda mahalle ölçeğinde aktif yeşil alanların nitelik ve niceliksel olarak geliştirilmesine yönelik bazı öneriler getirilmiştir.