Halotolerant endophytic fungi (HEFs) represent a critical biological resource in mitigating plant salt–alkali stress, demonstrating remarkable adaptability across diverse ecological environments. This comprehensive review analyzes 150 scientific publications, revealing HEFs’ multifaceted mechanisms of plant stress tolerance. Inhabiting over 30 host plant species without causing pathogenic effects, these fungi enhance plant resilience through sophisticated physiological strategies. Key findings highlight HEFs’ ability to modulate ionic homeostasis, elevate antioxidant capacities, and stimulate plant growth under saline conditions. The research unveils the potential of HEF metabolites as biostimulants and explores their co-evolutionary hypotheses with host plants. Despite promising laboratory and field validations, significant challenges remain in HEFs’ practical agricultural applications, including environmental factor interactions and biotechnological ethical considerations. Future research directions emphasize deeper investigations into HEFs’ ecological adaptability and microbiological interactions to unlock their full agricultural potential.

The Compendium of Materia Medica highlights the therapeutic properties of Trypoxylus dichotomus (T. dichotomus). In this study, the species and content of volatile components, inorganic elements, and amino acids were measured, and the activity of crude extracts of ethanol and water was studied. GC-MS analysis revealed 37–53 components across different life stages, excluding excessive heavy metals and containing essential trace elements. Amino acid profiling identified 15 types, rich in seven medicinal varieties. The in vitro anti-tumor testing of ethanol extracts from T. dichotomus adult males (TDA (M)) and T. dichotomus adult females (TDA (F)) was also performed. The experimental results showed that TDA (M) exhibited growth inhibition rates of 86.22% ± 1.19%, 85.42% ± 0.63%, 88.15% ± 3.27%, and 97.23% ± 0.60% against MKN-45, K-562, 239T, and 5637 tumor cells, respectively, while TDA (F) showed 81.28% ± 5.06% inhibition against K-562 cells. TDA best protected cells induced by H₂O₂ at the concentration of 12.5 μg/mL, achieving a cell survival rate of 81%. Overall, TDA, TDA(F), and TDA(M) have notable anti-tumor and antioxidant activity, highlighting the significance of chemical analysis for their potential bioactivity.