Halotolerant endophytic fungi (HEFs) represent a critical biological resource in mitigating plant salt–alkali stress, demonstrating remarkable adaptability across diverse ecological environments. This comprehensive review analyzes 150 scientific publications, revealing HEFs’ multifaceted mechanisms of plant stress tolerance. Inhabiting over 30 host plant species without causing pathogenic effects, these fungi enhance plant resilience through sophisticated physiological strategies. Key findings highlight HEFs’ ability to modulate ionic homeostasis, elevate antioxidant capacities, and stimulate plant growth under saline conditions. The research unveils the potential of HEF metabolites as biostimulants and explores their co-evolutionary hypotheses with host plants. Despite promising laboratory and field validations, significant challenges remain in HEFs’ practical agricultural applications, including environmental factor interactions and biotechnological ethical considerations. Future research directions emphasize deeper investigations into HEFs’ ecological adaptability and microbiological interactions to unlock their full agricultural potential.

Mancozeb (MCZ), a widely used fungicide in agricultural production, has been reported as an environmental endocrine disruptor, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. In this work, multivalent Co-MOF nanozymes (MVCM) with excellent oxidase-like activity were synthesized, which can promote the oxidation of 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) into a blue oxidative product (ABTS^•+), with an obvious absorption peak at 415 nm. With the addition of MCZ, the ABTS^•+ was reduced to colorless ABTS through the REDOX reactions between MCZ and ABTS^•+. Based on the unique reducing behavior of MCZ, a nanozyme-based colorimetric detection platform was proposed for the detection of MCZ, with a linear range of 3–27 μM and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.15 μM. Furthermore, the sensor was integrated with smartphones and test strips, establishing a portable smartphone-based platform for the real-time, on-site, and visual quantitative detection of MCZ. The detection concentration range was 15–90 μM, with LOD as low as 15 μM. The assay exhibited high adaptability in practical applications. In summary, this work provided a simple, accurate, and low-cost approach for visual determination of MCZ without complicated instruments and procedures.

Obesity is a chronic epidemic caused by abnormal fat metabolism. As a key digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase (PL) is an important target for regulating fat metabolism. The inhibitory potential of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP), 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP), meso-Tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP), Cu (II) meso-Tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (Cu-TCPP) on PL was studied by enzymatic kinetics, multi-spectral, and molecular simulation technology. THPP, TCPP, TAPP, and Cu-TCPP all had good PL inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ range: 97.49–248.70 μM) and were uncompetitive inhibitors. The order of inhibitory ability was: THPP > TCPP > TAPP > Cu-TCPP. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of THPP to PL was a mixed quenching dominated by static quenching, while TCPP, TAPP, and Cu-TCPP were static quenching. The binding of THPP, TCPP and TAPP to PL was mainly driven by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, while Cu-TCPP was mainly driven by a hydrophobic interaction. Four porphyrin compounds changed the conformation of PL, affected the microenvironment of Tyr and Trp residues, and induced changes in the secondary structure of PL, thereby reducing the stability and catalytic activity of PL. Hydrogen bonds played an important role in the binding stability of THPP, TCPP, TAPP, and PL.