The treatment of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAAION), and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a topic of ongoing research with mixed evidence on some pharmacotherapies and a need for more consensus. This manuscript provides an overview of these conditions’ current, potential future, and attempted pharmacotherapies. AAION’s current treatment regimen consists of high-dose steroids, with methotrexate, tocilizumab, and abatacept, being the most viable steroid-sparing therapy candidates. As for NAAION, the treatments being tried are vast, with mixed evidence supporting each modality. Similarly, despite the various treatment options explored, there still needs to be a universally effective therapy for PION. More research is needed to formulate an agreed-upon treatment regimen for these conditions.

Streptococcus species represent a significant global cause of meningitis, leading to brain damage through bacterial virulence factors and the host inflammatory response. Upon entering the central nervous system (CNS), excessive inflammation leads to various neurological and psychological complications. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms and associated outcomes of streptococcal meningitis, particularly its short- and long-term neurological sequelae. Neurological symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, motor deficits, and sensory loss, are shown to vary in severity, with children being particularly susceptible to lasting complications. Among survivors, hearing loss, cognitive decline, and cranial nerve palsies emerge as the most frequently reported complications. The findings highlight the need for timely intervention, including neurorehabilitation strategies that focus on optimizing recovery and mitigating long-term disabilities. Future recommendations emphasize improving early diagnosis, expanding vaccine access, and personalizing rehabilitation protocols to enhance patient outcomes. As a novel contribution, this review proposes the term “post-meningitic syndrome” to showcase the broad spectrum of CNS complications that persist following streptococcal meningitis, providing a framework for a future clinical and research focus.