The treatment of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAAION), and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a topic of ongoing research with mixed evidence on some pharmacotherapies and a need for more consensus. This manuscript provides an overview of these conditions’ current, potential future, and attempted pharmacotherapies. AAION’s current treatment regimen consists of high-dose steroids, with methotrexate, tocilizumab, and abatacept, being the most viable steroid-sparing therapy candidates. As for NAAION, the treatments being tried are vast, with mixed evidence supporting each modality. Similarly, despite the various treatment options explored, there still needs to be a universally effective therapy for PION. More research is needed to formulate an agreed-upon treatment regimen for these conditions.

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) and Scheimpflug–Placido tomographic (SPT) indices in differentiating suspect keratoconus (SKC) from normal (N). Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, one eye of each patient was scanned on AS‐OCT and SPT. Following, 5 regression analysis models were developed: Model 1: combined AS‐OCT corneal thickness (CT); Model 2: combined AS‐OCT epithelial thickness (ET); Model 3: Models 1 + 2; Model 4: SPT indices (symmetry index front [SIf], symmetry index back [SIb], keratoconus vertex back [KVb], and minimum CT [ThkMin]); Model 5: Models 3 + 4. The areas under the curve (AUC) of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were compared across groups to estimate their performance accuracy. Results: Two hundred and five N eyes, 56 SKC eyes, and 89 keratoconus (KC) eyes were scanned with AS‐OCT and SPT. For Models 1 and 2, no individual metric yielded an AUC > 0.84. For Model 3, the AUC was 0.96 (R2 Nagelkerke: 0.69) with 90.28% cases correctly identified as SKC. For Model 4, the AUC was 0.99 (R2 Nagelkerke: 0.87), with 95.58% of cases correctly classified as SKC. For Model 5, the diagnostic accuracy did not improve compared to Model 4. Conclusion: Both combined AS‐OCT indices and combined SPT indices provided excellent diagnostic power to differentiate SKC from N eyes. The combined SPT model showed a superior value compared to the AS‐OCT model. Furthermore, combined AS‐OCT and SPT data did not perform better than the combined SPT data alone.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been explored as a promising diagnostic aid for ocular surface diseases (OSDs). The spectrum of OSD ranges from highly prevalent benign conditions such as dry eye disease (DED) to rare but potentially dangerous disorders, including ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) and conjunctival melanoma. This review provides an overview of current applications of AI across the major categories of ocular surface pathology and specifically highlights anterior segment imaging modalities, including slit-lamp examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Meibography, tear film dynamics, biochemical profiling, and other DED-related measures are also examined. Across these domains, reported AI model performance matches or exceeds that of ophthalmologists, offering consistent, reproducible, and accurate approaches for guiding diagnosis. However, studies with limited external or prospective validation, variable labeling strategies, and small, device-specific datasets predominate in the current literature, thereby limiting generalizability. Large multicenter datasets, standardized diagnostic frameworks, multimodal integration, and prospective trials that assess human–AI cooperation in practical settings should be an emphasis in future research. By filling these gaps, AI systems could advance from experimental tools to clinically reliable applications that improve access and diagnostic accuracy in the care of ocular surface disease and tumors.

Ocular surface lesions represent a diverse group of pathologies which may be challenging to diagnose clinically. Anterior segment imaging—including anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM)—provides valuable adjunct information for the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of these lesions. The present review aims to provide an update on the principles, current clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and recent advancements in the imaging modalities used for the evaluation of ocular surface lesions. Notable recent advancements include the application of artificial intelligence in the interpretation of AS-OCT, intraoperative use of AS-OCT, the development of three-dimensional UBM, and expanded applications of each modality for a variety of ocular surface lesions.