Background: Osteoarthritis is a common chronic disease that affects quality of life and increases public health costs. Knee osteoarthritis is a frequent form, marked by joint degeneration, pain, stiffness, and functional restrictions. Factors such as age, genetics, joint injuries, obesity, and vitamin D deficiency can affect knee osteoarthritis progression. While the exact link between vitamin D and osteoarthritis is still being studied, recent research indicates that low vitamin D levels might influence the articular cartilage’s structure and function, potentially accelerating osteoarthritis. This review aims to analyze the last decade of research on vitamin D’s role in osteoarthritis. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Relevant studies from the last ten years were included to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and knee osteoarthritis. The inclusion criteria were studies examining the role of vitamin D in cartilage health and osteoarthritis progression and the potential clinical implications for disease management. Results: This review identified a variety of studies exploring the connection between vitamin D and osteoarthritis, with mixed findings. Conclusions: The relationship between vitamin D and knee osteoarthritis remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further research. An updated evaluation of the literature is crucial for osteoarthritis management strategies and to potentially include vitamin D supplementation in therapeutic protocols.

The trabecular bone score (TBS) is a recently developed instrument that performs gray-level bone texture measurements on dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images of the lumbar spine and thus captures data on trabecular microarchitec-ture. This paper highlights a review of the scientific literature, using PRISMA methodology. A low TBS value is associat-ed with an increase in both prevalent and incident fractures, which is partially independent of both clinical risk factors and areal BMD (aBMD) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur. TBS is related to bone microarchitecture and provides skeletal information that is not captured by standard bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. A low TBS value cor-relates with poor skeletal microstructure; an increased TBS value correlates with better skeletal microstructure. Based on these data, TBS at the lumbar spine is promising as an emerging technology that could become a valuable clinical tool in diagnosing osteopenia and osteoporosis and assessing fracture risk.