Measurement of pectus carinatum is usually made using pressure units (pressure of correction). Some potential problems with their methodology may be causing inconsistent results. In this paper we discuss potential problems regarding the use of pressure units in pectus carinatum measurement and why force units (force of correction) should be used instead.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an astrocytoma classified among the most aggressive brain tumors. Currently considered incurable, patients have a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis. Treatment typically involves tumor resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Temozolomide is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for GBM. Given the short median survival and the development of drug resistance to temozolomide, enhancing the efficacy of current treatments is of paramount importance. In this context, insulin is suggested as a supportive therapy to chemotherapy. It is hypothesized that insulin enhances the effectiveness of antimetabolite chemotherapies by prolonging the S phase. While insulin has been observed to extend the S phase in various cancers in the literature, its direct effect on the cell cycle in GBM has not been explored despite studies examining the impact of insulin on GBM by inhibiting insulin and IGF receptor gene function.In the MTT assay, cell survival decreased in groups treated with temozolomide (p

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers account for a large percentage of cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex structure and contributes significantly to tumor development, progression, and invasion. The TME is particularly pronounced in HPV-related cancers and HPV is known to influence the TME. In cancer research, there is an urgent need for new models to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and to facilitate the development of innovative therapies. In this context, 3D cell culture has emerged as a promising method in cancer research, that offers significant potential compared to conventional approaches. 3D modelling can produce results that are more consistent with clinical outcomes without the ethical concerns and problems of animal models. In this review, our aim is to discuss the tumor microenvironment in HPV-related cancers and demonstrate the importance of advancing 3D cell culture models for this purpose.