(1) Background:The quality of neutron beams for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is currently defined by its physical characteristics in air. Recommendations exist to define whether a designed beam is useful for clinical treatment. This work presents a new way to evaluate neutron beams based on their clinical performance and on their safety, employing radiobiological quantities. (2) Methods: The case study is a neutron beam for deep-seated tumors from a 5 MeV proton beam coupled to a beryllium target. Physical Figures of Merit were used to design five beams; however, they did not allow a clear ranking of their quality in terms of therapeutic potential. The latter was then evaluated based on in-phantom dose distributions and on the calculation of the Uncomplicated Tumor Control Probability (UTCP). The safety of the beams was also evaluated calculating the in-patient out-of-beam dosimetry. (3) Results: All the beams ensured a UTCP comparable to the one of a clinical beam in phantom; the safety criterion allowed to choose the best candidate. When this was tested in the treatment planning of a real patient treated in Finland, the UTCP was still comparable to the one of the clinical beam. (4) Conclusions: Even when standard physical recommendations are not met, radiobiological and dosimetric criteria demonstrate to be a valid tool to select an effective and safe beam for patient treatment.

In the last few years a wide dissemination of hadrontherapy facilities is taking place. In these facilities, proton or heavy ion (mainly carbon) accelerators are used to treat cancers in peculiar positions (i.e. close to critical organs), 58 or with peculiar biological features that make them not eligible for conventional radiation therapy with photons.During the design, the commissioning and the use of these facilities many radiation safety issues are to be addressed, that are different from the ones that the professionals in the field are used to facing.Many problems need to be solved, among which the characterization of the radiations fields produced by the accelerators, the shielding design, the design of the interlock systems, and the management of the activated materials (PE1I). Both the personal and environmental dosimetry systems need to be set up and implemented, taking into consideration the peculiarities of the involved radiation fields, that are often made of many different high energy particles.So, the approach to this kind of problems is usually much more complex than the one that is required for lower energy machines, and the adopted techniques are much more similar to the ones used for the high energy research accelerators.Due to the complexity of the physics involved in the radiation/ matter interaction at these energies, the radiation safety calculations are often based on Monte Carlo simulations (that take into account all the physical processes for all the particles involved), and the data should be cross-checked with the experimental data available in literature (e.g. Na06).Moreover, all the radiation measurements must be carried out with instruments conceived for this kind of radiation fields, or anyway with instruments whose behavior can be foreseen also when measuring in high energy mixed fields (Na04).The shielding design and the activation evaluations obviously depend on the different accelerator technologies (e.g. if synchrotrons, or cyclotrons, are used) and on the energy and nature of the accelerated beam. On the other hand, while the technologies used for the interlock safety systems are well known, a big research and development effort is still ongoing about the technologies adopted for personal or environmental dosimetry. Anyway, while the state-of-the-art of instrumentation is still far from being completely satisfactory, many detectors are available, that can be a good option to solve some of the measurement problems found in such environments.

Nanodroplets have demonstrated potential for the range detection of hadron radiotherapies. Our formulation uses superheated perfluorobutane (C4F10) stabilized by a poly(vinyl-alcohol) shell. High-LET (linear energy transfer) particles vaporize the nanodroplets into echogenic microbubbles. Tailored ultrasound imaging translates the generated echo-contrast into a dose distribution map, enabling beam range retrieval. This work evaluates the response of size-sorted nanodroplets to carbon-ion radiation. We studied how thesize of nanodroplets affects their sensitivity at various beam-doses and energies, as a function of concentration and shell cross-linking. First, we show the physicochemical characterization of size-isolated nanodroplets by differential centrifugation. Then, we report on the irradiations of the nanodroplet samples in tissue-mimicking phantoms. We compared the response of large (≈900 nm) and small (≈400 nm) nanodroplets to different carbon-ions energies and evaluated their dose linearity and concentration detection thresholds by ultrasound imaging. Additionally, we verified the beam range detection accuracy for the nanodroplets samples. All nanodroplets exhibited sensitivity to carbon-ions with high range verification precision. However, smaller nanodroplets required a higher concentration sensitivity threshold. The vaporization yield depends on the carbon-ions energy and dose, which are both related to particle count/spot. These findings confirm the potential of nanodroplets for range detection, with performance depending on nanodroplets’ properties and beam parameters.