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Prof. Mark McEvoy
Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Australia

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0 Nutrition
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Review
Published: 01 September 2020 in Obesity Reviews
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This review examined the risk of cardiovascular disease in adults with metabolically healthy overweight/obesity. A systematic review and meta‐analysis using data from Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library searched from inception up to 31st October 2019. We included prospective cohort studies of adults who are metabolically healthy or unhealthy. Outcomes were fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, all‐cause mortality. Pooled relative risk was calculated for each outcome in populations with metabolically healthy overweight and metabolically healthy obesity using metabolically healthy normal weight as reference. A random‐effects model was used for meta‐analysis, and risk of bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies assessed risk of bias within each study. Twenty‐three prospective cohort studies with 4,492,723 participants were included. Cardiovascular disease risk was increased in metabolically healthy groups with overweight (RR = 1.34, CI: 1.23–1.46, n = 20, I2 = 90.3%) and obesity (RR = 1.58, CI: 1.34–1.85, n = 21, I2 = 92.2) compared with a reference group with metabolically healthy normal weight. Cardiovascular disease risk was similar irrespective of the number of risk factors used to define metabolically healthy and the risk remained in the group with no metabolic risk factors. Cardiovascular disease risk is increased in populations with overweight and obesity classified as metabolically healthy even when there were no metabolic risk factors.

ACS Style

Jacob Opio; Emma Croker; George S. Odongo; John Attia; Katie Wynne; Mark McEvoy. Metabolically healthy overweight/obesity are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adults, even in the absence of metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obesity Reviews 2020, 21, 1 .

AMA Style

Jacob Opio, Emma Croker, George S. Odongo, John Attia, Katie Wynne, Mark McEvoy. Metabolically healthy overweight/obesity are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adults, even in the absence of metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obesity Reviews. 2020; 21 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacob Opio; Emma Croker; George S. Odongo; John Attia; Katie Wynne; Mark McEvoy. 2020. "Metabolically healthy overweight/obesity are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adults, even in the absence of metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies." Obesity Reviews 21, no. 12: 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2020 in BMC Health Services Research
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Background Research in lifestyle interventions focusing on nutrition and physical activity in people living with psychotic illness, highlights anthropometric and metabolic benefits of these interventions. However, little is known about potential factors to consider during implementation into real-world contexts. Community-managed organisations (CMOs) that provide services for people with mental illness, offer an ideal implementation context for lifestyle interventions. Successful translation of lifestyle interventions into CMOs may be achieved though considering the factors associated with program access and delivery in these settings. This study primarily aimed to identify the factors that affect program access in a local CMO from the perspective of consumers and staff. The secondary aim was to describe the elements that impact on program delivery from the perspective of staff. Methods Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 consumers and 7 staff in a CMO in regional Australia. Topics explored in interviews were based on implementation concepts identified in the “Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Systems” (i-PARIHS) knowledge translation framework. Thematic data analysis was conducted using Nvivo software. Results Emergent themes on issues that influenced program access were (1) consumer financial status, domestic responsibilities, and health; (2) the design and delivery of programs; (3) structure and practices of the organisation; (4) attitude, skills and effort of staff involved in program delivery; and (5) social connections and stigma experienced by consumers during program access. Moreover, staff perceptions on elements that impacted program delivery highlighted themes on consumer attendance and interest in prospective programs, availability and restrictions to the use of funding, as well as the organisational structure and practices. Conclusions The factors affecting program access and delivery can generally be managed or planned for during the design of lifestyle interventions and subsequent translation into the CMO context. However, resolution of issues related to consumer financial status and health requires the collaboration of various government sectors for system-wide solutions.

ACS Style

Doreen Mucheru; Samantha Ashby; Mary-Claire Hanlon; Mark McEvoy; Lesley MacDonald-Wicks. Factors to consider during the implementation of nutrition and physical activity trials for people with psychotic illness into an Australian community setting. BMC Health Services Research 2020, 20, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Doreen Mucheru, Samantha Ashby, Mary-Claire Hanlon, Mark McEvoy, Lesley MacDonald-Wicks. Factors to consider during the implementation of nutrition and physical activity trials for people with psychotic illness into an Australian community setting. BMC Health Services Research. 2020; 20 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Doreen Mucheru; Samantha Ashby; Mary-Claire Hanlon; Mark McEvoy; Lesley MacDonald-Wicks. 2020. "Factors to consider during the implementation of nutrition and physical activity trials for people with psychotic illness into an Australian community setting." BMC Health Services Research 20, no. 1: 1-11.

Review
Published: 08 July 2020 in Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
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Background Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has been popular for decades because of shorter hospitalisation and return to routine activity. However, complications (e.g. surgical site infection (SSI) and intra-abdominal abscess (IAA)) relative to open appendectomy (OA) are still debated. We therefore conducted an umbrella review to systematically appraise meta-analyses (MA) comparing SSI and IAA between LA and OA. Methods MAs that included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases from inception until July 2018. Their findings were described, the number of overlapping studies was assessed using corrected covered area (CCA), and excess significant tests were also assessed. Finally, effect sizes of SSI and IAA were re-pooled. Results Ten MAs were eligible; SSI was reported in all MAs and IAA in 8 MAs. SSI rate was 48% to 70% lower in LA than OA, but conversely IAA rate was 1.34 to 2.20 higher in LA than OA. Overlapping included studies for SSI and IAA were 61% and 54%, respectively, indicating less information was added across MAs. However, there was no evidence of bias from excess significant tests when pooling SSI or IAA estimates. The RRs (95% CI) comparing LA vs OA were re-pooled in adults and children yielding RRs of 0.56 (0.47, 0.67) and 0.40 (0.25, 0.65) for SSI; and 1.20 (0.88, 1.63) and 1.05 (0.61, 1.80) for IAA. Conclusions Evidence from this umbrella review indicates that LA carries a significantly lower risk of SSI but likely a higher risk of IAA than OA. Level of evidence Systematic Review/Meta-analysis, Level I.

ACS Style

Napaphat Poprom; Chumpon Wilasrusmee; John Attia; Mark McEvoy; Ammarin Thakkinstian; Sasivimol Rattanasiri. Comparison of postoperative complications between open and laparoscopic appendectomy: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 2020, 89, 813 -820.

AMA Style

Napaphat Poprom, Chumpon Wilasrusmee, John Attia, Mark McEvoy, Ammarin Thakkinstian, Sasivimol Rattanasiri. Comparison of postoperative complications between open and laparoscopic appendectomy: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2020; 89 (4):813-820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Napaphat Poprom; Chumpon Wilasrusmee; John Attia; Mark McEvoy; Ammarin Thakkinstian; Sasivimol Rattanasiri. 2020. "Comparison of postoperative complications between open and laparoscopic appendectomy: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 89, no. 4: 813-820.

Other
Published: 26 June 2020
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Impaired lung function is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Restrictive and obstructive lung disorders are a large contributor to decreased lung function, as well as the acute impact of infection. Measures of pulmonary function are heritable, and thus, we sought to utilise genomics to propose novel drug repurposing candidates which could improve respiratory outcomes. Lung function measures were found to be genetically correlated with metabolic and hormone traits which could be pharmacologically modulated, with a causal effect of increased fasting glucose on diminished lung function supported by latent causal variable models and Mendelian randomisation. We developed polygenic scores for lung function specifically within pathways with known drug targets to prioritise individuals who may benefit from particular drug repurposing opportunities, accompanied by transcriptome-wide association studies to identify drug-gene interactions with potential lung function increasing modes of action. These drug repurposing candidates were further considered relative to the host-viral interactome of three viruses with associated respiratory pathology (SARS-CoV2, influenza, and human adenovirus). We uncovered an enrichment amongst glycaemic pathways of human proteins which putatively interact with virally expressed SARS-CoV2 proteins, suggesting that antihyperglycaemic agents may have a positive effect both on lung function and SARS-CoV2 progression.

ACS Style

William R. Reay; Sahar I. El Shair; Michael P. Geaghan; Carlos Riveros; Elizabeth G. Holliday; Mark A. McEvoy; Stephen Hancock; Roseanne Peel; Rodney J. Scott; John R. Attia; Murray J. Cairns. Genetically informed precision drug repurposing for lung function and implications for respiratory infection. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

William R. Reay, Sahar I. El Shair, Michael P. Geaghan, Carlos Riveros, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Mark A. McEvoy, Stephen Hancock, Roseanne Peel, Rodney J. Scott, John R. Attia, Murray J. Cairns. Genetically informed precision drug repurposing for lung function and implications for respiratory infection. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William R. Reay; Sahar I. El Shair; Michael P. Geaghan; Carlos Riveros; Elizabeth G. Holliday; Mark A. McEvoy; Stephen Hancock; Roseanne Peel; Rodney J. Scott; John R. Attia; Murray J. Cairns. 2020. "Genetically informed precision drug repurposing for lung function and implications for respiratory infection." , no. : 1.

Multicenter study
Published: 01 September 2019 in Injury
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To develop and validate a risk stratification model of severe injury (SI) and death to identify and prioritize road traffic injury (RTI) patients for transportation to an appropriate trauma center (TC). A 2-phase multicenter-cross-sectional study with prospective data collection was collaboratively conducted using 9 dispatch centers (DC) across Thailand. Among the 9 included DC, 7 and 2 DCs were used for development and validation, respectively. RTI patients who were treated and transported to hospitals by advanced life support (ALS) response units were enrolled. Multiple logistic regression was used to derive risk prediction score of death in 48 h and SI (new injury severity score ≥ 16). Calibration/discrimination performances were explored. A total of 5359 and 2097 RTIs were used for development and external validation, respectively. Seven and 9 predictors among demographic data, mechanism of injury, physic data, EMS operation, and prehospital managements were significant predictors of death and SI, respectively. Risk prediction models fitted well with the developed data (O/E ratios of 1.00 (IQR: 0.69, 1.01) and 0.99 (IQR: 0.95, 1.05) for death and SI, respectively); and the C statistics of 0.966 (0.961, 0.972) and 0.913 (0.905, 0.922). The risk scores were further stratified as low, moderate and high risk. The derive models did not fit well with external data but they were improved after recalibrating the intercepts. However, the model was externally good/excellent discriminated with C statistics from 0.896 (0.871, 0.922) to 0.981 (0.971, 0.991). Risk prediction models of death and SI were developed with good calibration and excellent discrimination. The model should be useful for ALS response units in proper allocation of patients.

ACS Style

Pongsakorn Atiksawedparit; Sasivimol Rattanasiri; Yuwares Sittichanbuncha; Mark McEvoy; Paibul Suriyawongpaisal; John Attia; Ammarin Thakkinstian. Prehospital prediction of severe injury in road traffic injuries: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Injury 2019, 50, 1499 -1506.

AMA Style

Pongsakorn Atiksawedparit, Sasivimol Rattanasiri, Yuwares Sittichanbuncha, Mark McEvoy, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, John Attia, Ammarin Thakkinstian. Prehospital prediction of severe injury in road traffic injuries: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Injury. 2019; 50 (9):1499-1506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pongsakorn Atiksawedparit; Sasivimol Rattanasiri; Yuwares Sittichanbuncha; Mark McEvoy; Paibul Suriyawongpaisal; John Attia; Ammarin Thakkinstian. 2019. "Prehospital prediction of severe injury in road traffic injuries: A multicenter cross-sectional study." Injury 50, no. 9: 1499-1506.

Review
Published: 01 July 2019 in The American Journal of Surgery
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The efficacy of antibiotics in appendicitis remains controversial, and physicians are not confident in prescribing antibiotics as the first line treatment. This network meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of individual antibiotics in uncomplicated appendicitis. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases since inception to July 2017. Network meta-analysis was applied to estimate treatment effects and safety. Probability of being the best treatment was estimated using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Among 9 RCTs meeting our inclusion criteria. A network meta-analysis indicated that those receiving antibiotics had about 12-32% lower chance of treatment success and lower risk of complication about 23-86%, especially Beta-lactamase than appendectomy. The overall appendicitis recurrence rate in the antibiotic group was about 18.2%. The SUCRA indicated that appendectomy was ranked first for treatment success and least complications, followed by Beta-lactamase. Appendectomy is still the most effective treatment in uncomplicated appendicitis but it carries complications. Beta-lactamase, might be an alternative treatment if there are any contraindications for operation.

ACS Style

Napaphat Poprom; Pawin Numthavaj; Chumpon Wilasrusmee; Sasivimol Rattanasiri; John Attia; Mark McEvoy; Ammarin Thakkinstian. The efficacy of antibiotic treatment versus surgical treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Surgery 2019, 218, 192 -200.

AMA Style

Napaphat Poprom, Pawin Numthavaj, Chumpon Wilasrusmee, Sasivimol Rattanasiri, John Attia, Mark McEvoy, Ammarin Thakkinstian. The efficacy of antibiotic treatment versus surgical treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Surgery. 2019; 218 (1):192-200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Napaphat Poprom; Pawin Numthavaj; Chumpon Wilasrusmee; Sasivimol Rattanasiri; John Attia; Mark McEvoy; Ammarin Thakkinstian. 2019. "The efficacy of antibiotic treatment versus surgical treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial." The American Journal of Surgery 218, no. 1: 192-200.

Study protocol
Published: 15 April 2019 in Trials
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Diabetes is increasing in incidence, morbidity and treatment costs globally, hence prevention strategies need to be explored. Animal studies and some human data have shown that zinc can improve glycaemic control, but the impact of this effect in a pre-diabetic population remains uncertain. This study is designed to investigate whether zinc gluconate and lifestyle coaching can improve glucose handling and ultimately reduce diabetes incidence in an at-risk pre-diabetic population in Australia. The study will be a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. The study will be conducted at the Hunter New England Local Health District New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Pre-diabetic (haemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 5.7-6.4) male and female participants (n = 410) aged 40-70 years will be recruited through the Diabetes Alliance Network, a collaboration of diabetes specialists and general practitioner practices. All participants will be given routine care to encourage healthy lifestyle changes using a telephone coaching service (Get Healthy Information and Coaching Service, NSW Health) and then randomised to receive a supplement, either zinc gluconate (equivalent to 30 mg of elemental zinc) or placebo of identical appearance for 12 months. The identity of the supplements will be blinded to both research personnel and the participants. Participants will be asked to complete medical, lifestyle and dietary surveys and will have baseline and final visits at their general practitioner practice. Primary outcomes will be HbA1c and insulin sensitivity collected at baseline and at 1, 6 and 12 months; secondary outcomes will include fasting blood glucose, fasting cholesterol, blood pressure and body mass index. The primary efficacy endpoint will be judged at 6 months. This study will generate new evidence about the potential for health coaching, with or without zinc supplementation, to improve glucose handling and ultimately to reduce progression from pre-diabetes to diabetes. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12618001120268 . Registered on 6 July 2018.

ACS Style

Roseanne Peel; Alexis Hure; John Wiggers; Mark McEvoy; Elizabeth Holliday; Andrew Searles; Penny Reeves; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Ranil Jayawardena; Samir Samman; Shamasunder Acharya; Judy Luu; Chris Rissel; John Attia. Zinc in Preventing the Progression of pre-Diabetes (ZIPPeD Study) – study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial in Australia. Trials 2019, 20, 219 .

AMA Style

Roseanne Peel, Alexis Hure, John Wiggers, Mark McEvoy, Elizabeth Holliday, Andrew Searles, Penny Reeves, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Ranil Jayawardena, Samir Samman, Shamasunder Acharya, Judy Luu, Chris Rissel, John Attia. Zinc in Preventing the Progression of pre-Diabetes (ZIPPeD Study) – study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial in Australia. Trials. 2019; 20 (1):219.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roseanne Peel; Alexis Hure; John Wiggers; Mark McEvoy; Elizabeth Holliday; Andrew Searles; Penny Reeves; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Ranil Jayawardena; Samir Samman; Shamasunder Acharya; Judy Luu; Chris Rissel; John Attia. 2019. "Zinc in Preventing the Progression of pre-Diabetes (ZIPPeD Study) – study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial in Australia." Trials 20, no. 1: 219.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2019 in Nutrients
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Convincing evidence exists for the positive effect of an improvement in diet quality on age-related cognitive decline, in part due to dietary fatty acid intake. A cross-sectional analysis of data from the Hunter Community Study (HCS) (n = 2750) was conducted comparing dietary data from a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with validated cognitive performance measures, Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Adjusted linear regression analysis found statistically significant associations between dietary intake of total n-6 fatty acids (FA), but no other FAs, and better cognitive performance as measured by the ARCS (RC = 0.0043; p = 0.0004; R² = 0.0084). Multivariate regression analyses of n-6 FA intakes in quartiles showed that, compared with the lowest quartile (179.8⁻1150.3 mg), those in the highest quartile (2315.0⁻7449.4 mg) had a total ARCS score 2.1 units greater (RC = 10.60466; p = 0.006; R² = 0.0081). Furthermore, when n-6 FA intake was tested against each of the ARCS domains, statistically significant associations were observed for the Fluency (RC = 0.0011432; p = 0.007; R² = 0.0057), Visual (RC = 0.0009889; p = 0.034; R² = 0.0050), Language (RC = 0.0010651; p = 0.047; R² = 0.0068) and Attention (RC = 0.0011605; p = 0.017; R² = 0.0099) domains, yet there was no association with Memory (RC = -0.000064; p = 0.889; R² = 0.0083). No statistically significant associations were observed between FA intakes and MMSE. A higher intake of total n-6 FA, but not other types of FA, was associated with better cognitive performance among a representative sample of older aged Australian adults.

ACS Style

Lesley MacDonald-Wicks; Mark McEvoy; Eliza Magennis; Peter Schofield; Amanda J. Patterson; Karly Zacharia. Dietary Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Cognitive Performance in Older Australian Adults. Nutrients 2019, 11, 711 .

AMA Style

Lesley MacDonald-Wicks, Mark McEvoy, Eliza Magennis, Peter Schofield, Amanda J. Patterson, Karly Zacharia. Dietary Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Cognitive Performance in Older Australian Adults. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (4):711.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lesley MacDonald-Wicks; Mark McEvoy; Eliza Magennis; Peter Schofield; Amanda J. Patterson; Karly Zacharia. 2019. "Dietary Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Cognitive Performance in Older Australian Adults." Nutrients 11, no. 4: 711.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Nutrients
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Nitric oxide (NO) facilitates anti-atherosclerotic effects. Vegetables are a major source of dietary nitrate. Experimental data indicates that dietary nitrate can significantly reduce major risk factors for atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD), as nitrate can be metabolized to produce NO via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the association between habitual dietary nitrate intakes and the incidence of self-reported CVD-related complications within a representative sample of middle-aged Australian women (1946–1951 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health). Women free from disease at baseline who had completed the food frequency questionnaire data were included. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) across quartiles for nitrate intakes. Of the 5324 women included for analysis, there were 1951 new cases of CVD-related complications over 15-years of follow-up. Women reporting higher total dietary nitrate intakes (Q4 > 78.2 mg/day) and vegetable nitrate intakes (Q4 > 64.4 mg/day) were 25% and 27% reduced risk of developing CVD-related complications respectively, compared with women reporting low total (Q1 < 45.5 mg/day) and vegetable nitrate intakes (Q1 < 34.8 mg/day). Our findings were consistent with other observational data indicating that dietary nitrate may explain some of the cardiovascular benefits of vegetable consumption.

ACS Style

Jacklyn K. Jackson; Amanda J. Patterson; Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks; Peta M. Forder; Lauren C. Blekkenhorst; Catherine P. Bondonno; Jonathan M. Hodgson; Natalie C. Ward; Carl Holder; Christopher Oldmeadow; Julie E. Byles; Mark A. McEvoy. Vegetable Nitrate Intakes Are Associated with Reduced Self-Reported Cardiovascular-Related Complications within a Representative Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Women, Prospectively Followed up for 15 Years. Nutrients 2019, 11, 240 .

AMA Style

Jacklyn K. Jackson, Amanda J. Patterson, Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks, Peta M. Forder, Lauren C. Blekkenhorst, Catherine P. Bondonno, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Natalie C. Ward, Carl Holder, Christopher Oldmeadow, Julie E. Byles, Mark A. McEvoy. Vegetable Nitrate Intakes Are Associated with Reduced Self-Reported Cardiovascular-Related Complications within a Representative Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Women, Prospectively Followed up for 15 Years. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (2):240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacklyn K. Jackson; Amanda J. Patterson; Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks; Peta M. Forder; Lauren C. Blekkenhorst; Catherine P. Bondonno; Jonathan M. Hodgson; Natalie C. Ward; Carl Holder; Christopher Oldmeadow; Julie E. Byles; Mark A. McEvoy. 2019. "Vegetable Nitrate Intakes Are Associated with Reduced Self-Reported Cardiovascular-Related Complications within a Representative Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Women, Prospectively Followed up for 15 Years." Nutrients 11, no. 2: 240.

Meta analysis
Published: 26 October 2018 in The Surgeon
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Laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal inguinal hernia repair is the standard option for inguinal hernia treatment. However, there are various types of mesh fixation and their relative uses are still controversial. This network meta-analysis was conducted to compare and rank the different fixations available for TEP. Medline and Scopus databases were search until February 1, 2017 and using randomized controlled trials comparing outcomes between different mesh fixation techniques were included. The results demonstrated that fifteen RCTs (n = 1783) were eligible for pooling. Five types of mesh fixation were used; metallic tack, no-fixation, absorbable tack, suture, and glue. Network meta-analysis that use metallic tack as the reference, indicated that suture and glue both carried a lower risk of recurrence with pooled risk ratios (RR) of 0.29 (95% CI 0.00, 18.81) and 0.29 (0.07, 1.30), respectively. For overall complications, absorbable tack had lower risk (0.63, 95% CI: 0.02, 16.13). However, none of these estimates reached statistical significance. So, this network meta-analysis suggests that glue and absorbable tack might be best in lowering recurrence risk and complications. However, a large scale RCT is still needed to confirm these results.

ACS Style

Suphakarn Techapongsatorn; Amarit Tansawet; Wisit Kasetsermwiriya; Mark McEvoy; John Attia; Chumpon Wilasrusmee; Ammarin Thakkinstian. Mesh fixation technique in totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair – A network meta-analysis. The Surgeon 2018, 17, 215 -224.

AMA Style

Suphakarn Techapongsatorn, Amarit Tansawet, Wisit Kasetsermwiriya, Mark McEvoy, John Attia, Chumpon Wilasrusmee, Ammarin Thakkinstian. Mesh fixation technique in totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair – A network meta-analysis. The Surgeon. 2018; 17 (4):215-224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suphakarn Techapongsatorn; Amarit Tansawet; Wisit Kasetsermwiriya; Mark McEvoy; John Attia; Chumpon Wilasrusmee; Ammarin Thakkinstian. 2018. "Mesh fixation technique in totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair – A network meta-analysis." The Surgeon 17, no. 4: 215-224.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Nutrients
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Dietary nitrate is increasingly linked to a variety of beneficial health outcomes. Our purpose was to estimate dietary nitrate consumption and identify key dietary changes which have occurred over time within a representative sample of Australian women. Women from the 1946–1951 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health with complete food frequency questionnaire data for both 2001 and 2013 were included for analysis. Dietary nitrate intakes were calculated using key published nitrate databases. Diet quality scores including the Australian Recommended Food Score, the Mediterranean Diet Score and the Nutrient Rich Foods Index were calculated along with food group serves as per the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Wilcoxon matched pairs tests were used to test for change in dietary intakes and Spearman’s correlations were used to examine associations. In our sample of 8161 Australian women, dietary nitrate intakes were on average 65–70 mg/day, and we detected a significant increase in dietary nitrate consumption over time (+6.57 mg/day). Vegetables were the primary source of dietary nitrate (81–83%), in particular lettuce (26%), spinach (14–20%), beetroot (10–11%), and celery (7–8%) contributed primarily to vegetable nitrate intakes. Further, increased dietary nitrate intakes were associated with improved diet quality scores (r = 0.3, p < 0.0001). Although there is emerging evidence indicating that higher habitual dietary nitrate intakes are associated with reduced morbidity and mortality, future work in this area should consider how dietary nitrate within the context of overall diet quality can facilitate health to ensure consistent public health messages are conveyed.

ACS Style

Jacklyn K. Jackson; Amanda J. Patterson; Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks; Catherine P. Bondonno; Lauren C. Blekkenhorst; Natalie C. Ward; Jonathan M. Hodgson; Julie E. Byles; Mark A. McEvoy. Dietary Nitrate and Diet Quality: An Examination of Changing Dietary Intakes within a Representative Sample of Australian Women. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1005 .

AMA Style

Jacklyn K. Jackson, Amanda J. Patterson, Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks, Catherine P. Bondonno, Lauren C. Blekkenhorst, Natalie C. Ward, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Julie E. Byles, Mark A. McEvoy. Dietary Nitrate and Diet Quality: An Examination of Changing Dietary Intakes within a Representative Sample of Australian Women. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (8):1005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacklyn K. Jackson; Amanda J. Patterson; Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks; Catherine P. Bondonno; Lauren C. Blekkenhorst; Natalie C. Ward; Jonathan M. Hodgson; Julie E. Byles; Mark A. McEvoy. 2018. "Dietary Nitrate and Diet Quality: An Examination of Changing Dietary Intakes within a Representative Sample of Australian Women." Nutrients 10, no. 8: 1005.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2018 in Nutrients
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Previously thought to be mainly a disorder of childhood and early adult life, coeliac disease (CeD) is increasingly diagnosed in older adults. This may be important given the association between CeD and osteoporosis. The primary aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of undiagnosed CeD (‘at-risk serology’) in an older Australian community and relate this to a diagnosis of osteoporosis and fractures during a follow-up period of 12 years. We included participants from the Hunter Community Study (2004–2007) aged 55–85, who had anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) titres, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, and bone mineral density measurements at baseline. Follow-up data included subsequent diagnosis of CeD and fractures using hospital information. ‘At-risk’ serology was defined as both tTG and HLA positivity. Complete results were obtained from 2122 patients. The prevalence of ‘at-risk’ serology was 5%. At baseline, 3.4% fulfilled criteria for a diagnosis of osteoporosis. During a mean of 9.7 years of follow-up, 7.4% of the cohort suffered at least one fracture and 0.7% were subsequently diagnosed with CeD. At-risk serology was significantly associated with osteoporosis in a multivariate model (odds ratio 2.83, 95% confidence interval 1.29–6.22); there was insufficient power to look at the outcome of fractures. The results of this study demonstrate that at-risk CeD serology was significantly associated with concurrent osteoporosis but not future fractures. Most individuals with a serological diagnosis of CeD were not diagnosed with CeD during the follow-up period according to medical records. Coeliac disease likely remains under-diagnosed.

ACS Style

Michael D. E. Potter; Marjorie M. Walker; Stephen Hancock; Elizabeth Holliday; Gregory Brogan; Michael Jones; Mark McEvoy; Michael Boyle; Nicholas J. Talley; John Attia. A Serological Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease Is Associated with Osteoporosis in Older Australian Adults. Nutrients 2018, 10, 849 .

AMA Style

Michael D. E. Potter, Marjorie M. Walker, Stephen Hancock, Elizabeth Holliday, Gregory Brogan, Michael Jones, Mark McEvoy, Michael Boyle, Nicholas J. Talley, John Attia. A Serological Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease Is Associated with Osteoporosis in Older Australian Adults. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (7):849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael D. E. Potter; Marjorie M. Walker; Stephen Hancock; Elizabeth Holliday; Gregory Brogan; Michael Jones; Mark McEvoy; Michael Boyle; Nicholas J. Talley; John Attia. 2018. "A Serological Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease Is Associated with Osteoporosis in Older Australian Adults." Nutrients 10, no. 7: 849.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2018 in BMC Public Health
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People with psychosis die on average 25 years earlier than those in the general population, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributing to much of the excess mortality. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the relationship between lifestyle risk factors for CVD - poor nutrition, smoking and low physical activity levels - and dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia while controlling for potential confounders in 1825 people from the Survey of High Impact Psychosis (SHIP) in Australia. We also aimed to identify clustering patterns of lifestyle risk factors and associated demographic variables. Three logistic regressions were used to predict the effect of nutrition, smoking and physical activity on dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia while controlling for clozapine use, sex and age. Clustering patterns of nutrition, smoking and physical activity were examined using the two-step cluster method which is based on hierarchical cluster analysis. Demographic variables associated with different clusters were identified using measures of association. Smoking status had a positive association with dyslipidaemia (adjusted odds ratio = 0.50; 95% confidence interval = 0.32-0.78; p = 0.002). Other cardiovascular disease lifestyle risk factors did not have a significant relationship with dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia. Clustering patterns of lifestyle risk factors showed that younger men, with low education levels, and relying on a government pension, were most likely to display the poorest lifestyle risk behaviours. The largest cluster (42%) of participants was characterised by a mixed demographic profile and were most likely to display poor nutrition and low physical activity levels but less likely to smoke. Only smoking status had a significant positive association with dyslipidaemia which could indicate that there are additional factors affecting the relationship between other cardiovascular lifestyle risk factors and dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia in people with psychosis. Unknown confounders and traditional lifestyle risk factors may explain the high rates of CVD in this group. Clustering of lifestyle risk factors and their demographic profiles could help the design of intervention programs in people with psychosis.

ACS Style

Doreen Mucheru; Mary-Claire Hanlon; Linda E. Campbell; Mark McEvoy; Lesley MacDonald-Wicks. Cardiovascular disease lifestyle risk factors in people with psychosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 742 .

AMA Style

Doreen Mucheru, Mary-Claire Hanlon, Linda E. Campbell, Mark McEvoy, Lesley MacDonald-Wicks. Cardiovascular disease lifestyle risk factors in people with psychosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18 (1):742.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Doreen Mucheru; Mary-Claire Hanlon; Linda E. Campbell; Mark McEvoy; Lesley MacDonald-Wicks. 2018. "Cardiovascular disease lifestyle risk factors in people with psychosis: a cross-sectional study." BMC Public Health 18, no. 1: 742.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Gastroenterology
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Michael D. Potter; Gregory Brogan; Marjorie M. Walker; Mark McEvoy; Stephen Hancock; Elizabeth Holliday; Michael P. Jones; Nicholas J. Talley; John Attia. 577 - Positive Celiac Serology and Permissive Genotype in Older Patients: Significant Association with Osteoporosis and Celiac Diagnosis at Follow Up. Gastroenterology 2018, 154, 1 -119.

AMA Style

Michael D. Potter, Gregory Brogan, Marjorie M. Walker, Mark McEvoy, Stephen Hancock, Elizabeth Holliday, Michael P. Jones, Nicholas J. Talley, John Attia. 577 - Positive Celiac Serology and Permissive Genotype in Older Patients: Significant Association with Osteoporosis and Celiac Diagnosis at Follow Up. Gastroenterology. 2018; 154 (6):1-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael D. Potter; Gregory Brogan; Marjorie M. Walker; Mark McEvoy; Stephen Hancock; Elizabeth Holliday; Michael P. Jones; Nicholas J. Talley; John Attia. 2018. "577 - Positive Celiac Serology and Permissive Genotype in Older Patients: Significant Association with Osteoporosis and Celiac Diagnosis at Follow Up." Gastroenterology 154, no. 6: 1-119.

Journal club
Published: 01 May 2018 in The Hearing Journal
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Julia Sarant; David Harris; Arduino Aleksander Mangoni; Mark McEvoy. Hearing Loss and Circulating Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction. The Hearing Journal 2018, 71, 1 .

AMA Style

Julia Sarant, David Harris, Arduino Aleksander Mangoni, Mark McEvoy. Hearing Loss and Circulating Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction. The Hearing Journal. 2018; 71 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julia Sarant; David Harris; Arduino Aleksander Mangoni; Mark McEvoy. 2018. "Hearing Loss and Circulating Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction." The Hearing Journal 71, no. 5: 1.

Review
Published: 01 March 2018 in Nutrition Reviews
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ContextDepleted nitric oxide levels in the human body play a major role in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Inorganic nitrate/nitrite (rich dietary sources include beetroot and spinach) can act as a nitric oxide donor because nitrate/nitrite can be metabolized to produce nitric oxide.ObjectiveThis review and meta-analysis sought to investigate the role of inorganic nitrate/nitrite in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans.Data SourcesElectronic databases, including Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, and Scopus, were searched.Data ExtractionExperimental trials examining the effect of oral inorganic nitrate/nitrite intake on cardiovascular disease risk factors were included for systematic analysis.ResultsThirty-four studies were included for qualitative synthesis, 23 of which were eligible for meta-analysis. Included studies measured the following outcomes: blood pressure, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, platelet aggregation, and/or blood lipids. Inorganic nitrate intake was found to significantly reduce resting blood pressure (systolic blood pressure: −4.80 mmHg, P < 0.0001; diastolic blood pressure: −1.74 mmHg, P = 0.001), improve endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation: 0.59%, P < 0.0001), reduce arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity: −0.23 m/s, P < 0.0001; augmentation index: −2.1%, P = 0.05), and reduce platelet aggregation by 18.9% (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsInorganic nitrate consumption represents a simple strategy for targeting cardiovascular disease risk factors. Future studies investigating the long-term effects of inorganic nitrate on cardiovascular disease outcomes are warranted.

ACS Style

Jacklyn K Jackson; Amanda J Patterson; Lesley K MacDonald-Wicks; Christopher Oldmeadow; Mark A McEvoy. The role of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human evidence. Nutrition Reviews 2018, 76, 348 -371.

AMA Style

Jacklyn K Jackson, Amanda J Patterson, Lesley K MacDonald-Wicks, Christopher Oldmeadow, Mark A McEvoy. The role of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human evidence. Nutrition Reviews. 2018; 76 (5):348-371.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacklyn K Jackson; Amanda J Patterson; Lesley K MacDonald-Wicks; Christopher Oldmeadow; Mark A McEvoy. 2018. "The role of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human evidence." Nutrition Reviews 76, no. 5: 348-371.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Data is scarce on early life exposure to arsenic and its association with malnutrition during infancy. This study followed the nutritional status of a cohort of 120 infants from birth to 9 months of age in an arsenic contaminated area in Bangladesh. Anthropometric data was collected at 3, 6 and 9 months of the infant’s age for nutritional assessment whereas arsenic exposure level was assessed via tube well drinking water arsenic concentration at the initiation of the study. Weight and height measurements were converted to Z-scores of weight for age (WAZ-underweight), height for age (HAZ-stunting), weight for height (WHZ-wasting) for children by comparing with WHO growth standard. Arsenic exposure levels were categorized as <50 μg/L and ≥50 μg/L. Stunting rates (<−2 SD) were 10% at 3 months and 44% at both 6 and 9 months. Wasting rates (<−2 SD) were 23.3% at 3 months and underweight rates (<−2 SD) were 25% and 10% at 3 and 6 months of age, respectively. There was a significant association of stunting with household drinking water arsenic exposure ≥50 μg/L at age of 9 months (p = 0.009). Except for stunting at 9 months of age, we did not find any significant changes in other nutritional indices over time or with levels of household arsenic exposure in this study. Our study suggests no association between household arsenic exposure and under-nutrition during infancy; with limiting factors being small sample size and short follow-up. Difference in stunting at 9 months by arsenic exposure at ≥50 μg/L might be a statistical incongruity. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to establish any association.

ACS Style

Abul Hasnat Milton; John Attia; Mohammad Alauddin; Mark McEvoy; Patrick McElduff; Sumaira Hussain; Ayesha Akhter; Shahnaz Akter; M. Munirul Islam; Am Shamsir Ahmed; Vasu Iyengar; Rafiqul Islam. Assessment of Nutritional Status of Infants Living in Arsenic-Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh and Its Association with Arsenic Exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 57 .

AMA Style

Abul Hasnat Milton, John Attia, Mohammad Alauddin, Mark McEvoy, Patrick McElduff, Sumaira Hussain, Ayesha Akhter, Shahnaz Akter, M. Munirul Islam, Am Shamsir Ahmed, Vasu Iyengar, Rafiqul Islam. Assessment of Nutritional Status of Infants Living in Arsenic-Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh and Its Association with Arsenic Exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (1):57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abul Hasnat Milton; John Attia; Mohammad Alauddin; Mark McEvoy; Patrick McElduff; Sumaira Hussain; Ayesha Akhter; Shahnaz Akter; M. Munirul Islam; Am Shamsir Ahmed; Vasu Iyengar; Rafiqul Islam. 2018. "Assessment of Nutritional Status of Infants Living in Arsenic-Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh and Its Association with Arsenic Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 57.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2017 in BMC Nephrology
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of death before and after onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Knowing treatments that can delay disease progression will lead to reduced mortality. We therefore aimed to estimate the effectiveness of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade on CKD progression. We conducted a retrospective CKD cohort at Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand from 1997 to 2011. ESRD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 1 year (RAAS2). An augmented inverse-probability weighting (AIPW) method was used to estimate potential-outcome mean (POM) and average treatment-effect (ATE). Multi-logit and Poisson regressions were used for treatment and outcome models, respectively. Analyses were stratified by ESRD, death before/after ESRD for diabetic and non-diabetic groups. STATA 14.0 was used for statistical analyses. Among 15,032 diabetic patients, 2346 (15.6%), 2351 (18.5%), and 1607 (68.5%) developed ESRD, died before ESRD, and died after ESRD, respectively. Only RAAS2 effect was significant on ESRD, death before and after ESRD. The ESRD rates were 12.9%, versus 20.0% for RAAS2 and non-RAAS, respectively, resulted in significant risk differences (RD) of −7.2% (95% CI: -8.8%, −5.5%), and a numbers needed-to-treat (NNT) of 14. Death rates before ESRD for these corresponding groups were 14.4% (12.9%, 15.9%) and 19.6% (18.7%, 20.4%) with a NNT of 19. Death rates after ESRD in RAAS2 was lower than non-RASS group (i.e., 62.8% (55.5%, 68.9%) versus 68.1% (65.9%, 70.4%)) but this was not significant. RAAS2 effects on ESRD and death before ESRD were persistently significant in non-diabetic patients (n = 17,074) but not for death after ESRD with the NNT of about 15 and 16 respectively. Receiving RAAS blockade for 1 year or longer could prevent both CKD progression to ESRD and premature mortality.

ACS Style

Phisitt Vejakama; Atiporn Ingsathit; Gareth J. McKay; Alexander P. Maxwell; Mark McEvoy; John Attia; Ammarin Thakkinstian. Treatment effects of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system blockade on kidney failure and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. BMC Nephrology 2017, 18, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Phisitt Vejakama, Atiporn Ingsathit, Gareth J. McKay, Alexander P. Maxwell, Mark McEvoy, John Attia, Ammarin Thakkinstian. Treatment effects of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system blockade on kidney failure and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. BMC Nephrology. 2017; 18 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Phisitt Vejakama; Atiporn Ingsathit; Gareth J. McKay; Alexander P. Maxwell; Mark McEvoy; John Attia; Ammarin Thakkinstian. 2017. "Treatment effects of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system blockade on kidney failure and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients." BMC Nephrology 18, no. 1: 1-9.

Review
Published: 18 October 2017 in Nutrients
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Vitamin D supplementation effects with or without calcium in pregnancy for reducing risk of preeclampsia and gestational or pregnancy induced hypertension are controversial. Literature was systematically searched in Medline, Scopus and Cochrane databases from inception to July 2017. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English were selected if they had any pair of interventions (calcium, vitamin D, both, or placebo). Systematic review with two-step network-meta-analysis was used to indirectly estimate supplementary effects. Twenty-seven RCTs with 28,000 women were eligible. A direct meta-analysis suggested that calcium, vitamin D, and calcium plus vitamin D could lower risk of preeclampsia when compared to placebo with the pooled risk ratios (RRs) of 0.54 (0.41, 0.70), 0.47 (0.24, 0.89) and 0.50 (0.32, 0.78), respectively. Results of network meta-analysis were similar with the corresponding RRs of 0.49 (0.35, 0.69), 0.43 (0.17, 1.11), and 0.57 (0.30, 1.10), respectively. None of the controls were significant. Efficacy of supplementation, which was ranked by surface under cumulative ranking probabilities, were: vitamin D (47.4%), calcium (31.6%) and calcium plus vitamin D (19.6%), respectively. Calcium supplementation may be used for prevention for preeclampsia. Vitamin D might also worked well but further large scale RCTs are warranted to confirm our findings.

ACS Style

Win Khaing; Sakda Arj-Ong Vallibhakara; Visasiri Tantrakul; Orawin Vallibhakara; Sasivimol Rattanasiri; Mark McEvoy; John Attia; Ammarin Thakkinstian. Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1141 .

AMA Style

Win Khaing, Sakda Arj-Ong Vallibhakara, Visasiri Tantrakul, Orawin Vallibhakara, Sasivimol Rattanasiri, Mark McEvoy, John Attia, Ammarin Thakkinstian. Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2017; 9 (10):1141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Win Khaing; Sakda Arj-Ong Vallibhakara; Visasiri Tantrakul; Orawin Vallibhakara; Sasivimol Rattanasiri; Mark McEvoy; John Attia; Ammarin Thakkinstian. 2017. "Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 9, no. 10: 1141.

Journal article
Published: 30 August 2017 in Healthcare
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Obesity affects 27.5% of Australian women. Breakfast cereal consumption has been proposed to be protective against obesity. This study investigated the association of breakfast cereal consumption with the risk of developing obesity (Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) over 12 years among mid-age participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH). Dietary data were obtained at S3 and obesity incidence at S4–S7. Women were excluded if: dietary data were incomplete, energy intake was 20,000 kJ/day, or they reported being overweight or obese at S3. Logistic regressions with discrete time survival analysis investigated the association between breakfast cereal intake and incident obesity and were adjusted for: area of residency, income, smoking, physical activity, hypertension, dietary intakes and a discrete measure of time. There were 308 incident cases of obesity. Any breakfast cereal intake was not associated with incident obesity (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.92; p = 0.68). Oat-based cereal (OR: 0.71; p = 0.01), muesli (OR: 0.57; p = 0.00) and All-Bran (OR: 0.62; p = 0.01) intakes were associated with a significant reduction in obesity risk. Among this cohort, muesli on its own, or as part of oat-based cereals, and All-Bran, were associated with a reduction in obesity. This effect may be due to particular characteristics of these cereal eaters, but the relationship warrants further investigation.

ACS Style

Angelica Quatela; Robin Callister; Amanda J. Patterson; Mark McEvoy; Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks. Breakfast Cereal Consumption and Obesity Risk amongst the Mid-Age Cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Healthcare 2017, 5, 49 .

AMA Style

Angelica Quatela, Robin Callister, Amanda J. Patterson, Mark McEvoy, Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks. Breakfast Cereal Consumption and Obesity Risk amongst the Mid-Age Cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Healthcare. 2017; 5 (3):49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angelica Quatela; Robin Callister; Amanda J. Patterson; Mark McEvoy; Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks. 2017. "Breakfast Cereal Consumption and Obesity Risk amongst the Mid-Age Cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health." Healthcare 5, no. 3: 49.