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Steen Solvang Jensen
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

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Journal article
Published: 19 August 2021
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Air pollution is now recognised by governments, international institutions and civil society as a major global public health risk factor. The health burden of air pollution is large: 509 000 premature deaths every year in Europe [1] and serious aggravations of heart and lung diseases that affect millions of patients, both children and adults. The European Environmental Agency estimated that in 2018 there were 417 000 premature deaths attributable to particulate matter with diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5), 55 000 to NO2, and 20 600 to O3 in Europe (table 10.1 in EEA Report 9/2020 [2]). In addition, 4 805 800 years of life lost could be attributed to PM2.5, 623 600 to NO2, and 246 700 to O3 (table 10.2 in [2]). This “silent killer” is one the most important determinants of health, surpassed only by high blood pressure, tobacco use and poor diet. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised concerns about whether air pollution can increase the severity of disease and risk of death after infection, as well as facilitate the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Chronic lung disease patients are in the epicentre of the current crisis, as they are more vulnerable to both the adverse effects of a SARS-CoV-2 infection and air pollution exposure, as well as their possible interactions. At the same time, the lockdown measures to control the spread of COVID-19 brought historical short-term reductions in air pollution levels around the globe, and increasing general public interest and demand for clean air policies [3]. The COVID-19 pandemic, an emerging infectious disease probably caused by a spill over from animals, and its possible interactions with air pollution, is an existential reminder that we are a part of a larger ecosystem, and that human health is closely connected with the health of our environment and planet. Here we provide a short summary on the potential role of air pollution in the spread and worsening of health impacts of COVID-19, and on the influence of the pandemic on air pollution levels in Europe. Moreover, we outline the major lessons learned to chart a healthy post-pandemic course. This work summarises the key messages from a workshop that took place on 2 December, 2020, organised by the European Respiratory Society (ERS), the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE) and the Health Effects Institute (HEI), endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), and hosted by the European Parliament Lung Health Group and the European Commission (table 1).

ACS Style

Zorana J. Andersen; Barbara Hoffmann; Lidia Morawska; Martin Adams; Eeva Furman; Arzu Yorgancioglu; Dan Greenbaum; Maria Neira; Bert Brunekreef; Francesco Forastiere; Mary B. Rice; François Wakenhut; Erika Coleen; Hanna Boogaard; Ulrike Gehring; Erik Melén; Brian Ward; Sara De Matteis. Air pollution and COVID-19: clearing the air and charting a post-pandemic course: a joint workshop report of ERS, ISEE, HEI and WHO. 2021, 58, 1 .

AMA Style

Zorana J. Andersen, Barbara Hoffmann, Lidia Morawska, Martin Adams, Eeva Furman, Arzu Yorgancioglu, Dan Greenbaum, Maria Neira, Bert Brunekreef, Francesco Forastiere, Mary B. Rice, François Wakenhut, Erika Coleen, Hanna Boogaard, Ulrike Gehring, Erik Melén, Brian Ward, Sara De Matteis. Air pollution and COVID-19: clearing the air and charting a post-pandemic course: a joint workshop report of ERS, ISEE, HEI and WHO. . 2021; 58 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zorana J. Andersen; Barbara Hoffmann; Lidia Morawska; Martin Adams; Eeva Furman; Arzu Yorgancioglu; Dan Greenbaum; Maria Neira; Bert Brunekreef; Francesco Forastiere; Mary B. Rice; François Wakenhut; Erika Coleen; Hanna Boogaard; Ulrike Gehring; Erik Melén; Brian Ward; Sara De Matteis. 2021. "Air pollution and COVID-19: clearing the air and charting a post-pandemic course: a joint workshop report of ERS, ISEE, HEI and WHO." 58, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2021 in Environmental Health Perspectives
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Background:Associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise have been established for ischemic heart disease, but findings have been mixed for atrial fibrillation (AF).Objectives:The goal of the study was to examine associations of long-term exposure to road traffic noise and air pollution with AF.Methods:Time-varying Cox regression models were used to estimate associations of 1-, 3-, and 23-y mean road traffic noise and air pollution exposures with AF incidence in 23,528 women enrolled in the Danish Nurse Cohort (age >44y at baseline in 1993 or 1999). AF diagnoses were ascertained via the Danish National Patient Register. Annual mean weighted 24-h average road traffic noise levels (Lden) at the nurses’ residences, since 1970, were estimated using the Nord2000 model, and annual mean levels of particulate matter with a diameter 58 dB vs. <48 dB, with similar findings for 1-y mean exposures. A 3.9-μg/m3 increase in 3-y mean PM2.5 was associated with incident AF before and after adjustment for concurrent exposure to road traffic noise (HR 1.09; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.20 and 1.08; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.19, respectively). Associations with 1-y mean PM2.5 exposures were positive but closer to the null and not significant. Associations with NO2 were null for all time periods before and after adjustment for road traffic noise and inverse when adjusted for concurrent PM2.5.Conclusion:Our analysis of prospective data from a cohort of Danish female nurses followed for up to 14 y provided suggestive evidence of independent associations between incident AF and 1- and 3-y exposures to road traffic noise and PM2.5. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8090

ACS Style

Zorana J. Andersen; Johannah Cramer; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Christian Dehlendorff; Heresh Amini; Amar Mehta; Tom Cole-Hunter; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi Westendorp; Rina So; Shuo Li; Barbara Hoffmann; Steffen Loft; Elvira V. Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Youn-Hee Lim. Long-Term Exposure to Road Traffic Noise and Air Pollution, and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in the Danish Nurse Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives 2021, 129, 087002 .

AMA Style

Zorana J. Andersen, Johannah Cramer, Jeanette T. Jørgensen, Christian Dehlendorff, Heresh Amini, Amar Mehta, Tom Cole-Hunter, Laust H. Mortensen, Rudi Westendorp, Rina So, Shuo Li, Barbara Hoffmann, Steffen Loft, Elvira V. Bräuner, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Jørgen Brandt, Steen Solvang Jensen, Jesper H. Christensen, Camilla Geels, Lise M. Frohn, Claus Backalarz, Mette K. Simonsen, Youn-Hee Lim. Long-Term Exposure to Road Traffic Noise and Air Pollution, and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in the Danish Nurse Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2021; 129 (8):087002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zorana J. Andersen; Johannah Cramer; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Christian Dehlendorff; Heresh Amini; Amar Mehta; Tom Cole-Hunter; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi Westendorp; Rina So; Shuo Li; Barbara Hoffmann; Steffen Loft; Elvira V. Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Youn-Hee Lim. 2021. "Long-Term Exposure to Road Traffic Noise and Air Pollution, and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in the Danish Nurse Cohort." Environmental Health Perspectives 129, no. 8: 087002.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in European Respiratory Journal
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Background Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked to childhood-onset asthma, although evidence is still insufficient. Within the multicentre project Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe (ELAPSE), we examined the associations of long-term exposures to particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and black carbon (BC) with asthma incidence in adults. Methods We pooled data from three cohorts in Denmark and Sweden with information on asthma hospital diagnoses. The average concentrations of air pollutants in 2010 were modelled by hybrid land-use regression models at participants’ baseline residential addresses. Associations of air pollution exposures with asthma incidence were explored with Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Of 98 326 participants, 1965 developed asthma during a mean follow-up of 16.6 years. We observed associations in fully adjusted models with hazard ratios of 1.22 (95% CI 1.04–1.43) per 5 μg·m−3 for PM2.5, 1.17 (95% CI 1.10–1.25) per 10 µg·m−3 for NO2 and 1.15 (95% CI 1.08–1.23) per 0.5×10−5 m−1 for BC. Hazard ratios were larger in cohort subsets with exposure levels below the European Union and US limit values and possibly World Health Organization guidelines for PM2.5 and NO2. NO2 and BC estimates remained unchanged in two-pollutant models with PM2.5, whereas PM2.5 estimates were attenuated to unity. The concentration–response curves showed no evidence of a threshold. Conclusions Long-term exposure to air pollution, especially from fossil fuel combustion sources such as motorised traffic, was associated with adult-onset asthma, even at levels below the current limit values.

ACS Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W. Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole A.H. Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P. Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Doris Tove Kristoffersen; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project. European Respiratory Journal 2021, 57, 2003099 .

AMA Style

Shuo Liu, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Petter Ljungman, Göran Pershagen, Tom Bellander, Karin Leander, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Debora Rizzuto, Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Kathrin Wolf, Barbara Hoffmann, Bert Brunekreef, Maciej Strak, Jie Chen, Amar Mehta, Richard W. Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Raphaëlle Varraso, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Jørgen Brandt, Giulia Cesaroni, Francesco Forastiere, Daniela Fecht, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Kees de Hoogh, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Klea Katsouyanni, Matthias Ketzel, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Gabriele Nagel, Bente Oftedal, Annette Peters, Anne Tjønneland, Sophia P. Rodopoulou, Evangelia Samoli, Doris Tove Kristoffersen, Torben Sigsgaard, Massimo Stafoggia, Danielle Vienneau, Gudrun Weinmayr, Gerard Hoek, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project. European Respiratory Journal. 2021; 57 (6):2003099.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W. Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole A.H. Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P. Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Doris Tove Kristoffersen; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. 2021. "Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project." European Respiratory Journal 57, no. 6: 2003099.

Review
Published: 25 May 2021 in Catalysts
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NOx is a pervasive pollutant in urban environments. This review assesses the current state of the art of photocatalytic oxidation materials, designed for the abatement of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the urban environment, and typically, but not exclusively based on titanium dioxide (TiO2). Field trials with existing commercial materials, such as paints, asphalt and concrete, in a range of environments including street canyons, car parks, tunnels, highways and open streets, are considered in-depth. Lab studies containing the most recent developments in the photocatalytic materials are also summarised, as well as studies investigating the impact of physical parameters on their efficiency. It is concluded that this technology may be useful as a part of the measures used to lower urban air pollution levels, yielding ∼2% NOx removal in the immediate area around the surface, for optimised TiO2, in some cases, but is not capable of the reported high NOx removal efficiencies >20% in outdoor urban environments, and can in some cases lower air quality by releasing hazardous by-products. However, research into new material is ongoing. The reason for the mixed results in the studies reviewed, and massive range of removal efficiencies reported (from negligible and up to >80%) is mainly the large range of testing practices used. Before deployment in individual environments site-specific testing should be performed, and new standards for lab and field testing should be developed. The longevity of the materials and their potential for producing hazardous by-products should also be considered.

ACS Style

Hugo Russell; Louise Frederickson; Ole Hertel; Thomas Ellermann; Steen Jensen. A Review of Photocatalytic Materials for Urban NOx Remediation. Catalysts 2021, 11, 675 .

AMA Style

Hugo Russell, Louise Frederickson, Ole Hertel, Thomas Ellermann, Steen Jensen. A Review of Photocatalytic Materials for Urban NOx Remediation. Catalysts. 2021; 11 (6):675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hugo Russell; Louise Frederickson; Ole Hertel; Thomas Ellermann; Steen Jensen. 2021. "A Review of Photocatalytic Materials for Urban NOx Remediation." Catalysts 11, no. 6: 675.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2021 in European Respiratory Journal
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Background While air pollution has been linked to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), evidence on the role of environmental noise is just emerging. We examined the associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise with COPD incidence. Methods We defined COPD incidence for 24 538 female nurses from the Danish Nurse Cohort (age>44 years) as the first hospital contact between baseline (1993 or 1999) and 2015. We estimated residential annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with diameter<2.5 µm (PM2.5) since 1990 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) since 1970 by the Danish DEHM/UBM/AirGIS modeling system, and road traffic noise (Lden) since 1970 by the Nord2000 model. Time-varying Cox regression models were applied to assess the associations of air pollution and road traffic noise with COPD incidence. Results 977 nurses developed COPD during 18.6 years’ mean follow-up. We observed associations with COPD for all three exposures with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.19 (1.01, 1.41) per 6.26 µg·m−3 for PM2.5, 1.13 (1.05, 1.20) per 8.19 µg·m−3 for NO2, and 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) per 10 dB for Lden. Associations with NO2 and Lden attenuated slightly after mutual adjustment, but were robust to adjustment for PM2.5. Associations with PM2.5 were attenuated to null after adjustment for either NO2 or Lden. No potential interaction effect was observed between air pollutants and noise. Conclusions Long-term exposure to air pollution, especially traffic-related NO2, and road traffic noise were independently associated with COPD.

ACS Style

Shuo Liu; Youn-Hee Lim; Marie Pedersen; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Heresh Amini; Thomas Cole-Hunter; Amar J. Mehta; Rina So; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi G.J. Westendorp; Steffen Loft; Elvira V. Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen S. Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Torben Sigsgaard; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Maja Brborić; Jelena Radonić; Maja Turk Sekulic; Klaus Bønnelykke; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana J. Andersen. Long-term air pollution and road traffic noise exposure and COPD: the Danish Nurse Cohort. European Respiratory Journal 2021, 2004594 .

AMA Style

Shuo Liu, Youn-Hee Lim, Marie Pedersen, Jeanette T. Jørgensen, Heresh Amini, Thomas Cole-Hunter, Amar J. Mehta, Rina So, Laust H. Mortensen, Rudi G.J. Westendorp, Steffen Loft, Elvira V. Bräuner, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Jørgen Brandt, Steen S. Jensen, Jesper H. Christensen, Torben Sigsgaard, Camilla Geels, Lise M. Frohn, Maja Brborić, Jelena Radonić, Maja Turk Sekulic, Klaus Bønnelykke, Claus Backalarz, Mette K. Simonsen, Zorana J. Andersen. Long-term air pollution and road traffic noise exposure and COPD: the Danish Nurse Cohort. European Respiratory Journal. 2021; ():2004594.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Liu; Youn-Hee Lim; Marie Pedersen; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Heresh Amini; Thomas Cole-Hunter; Amar J. Mehta; Rina So; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi G.J. Westendorp; Steffen Loft; Elvira V. Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen S. Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Torben Sigsgaard; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Maja Brborić; Jelena Radonić; Maja Turk Sekulic; Klaus Bønnelykke; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana J. Andersen. 2021. "Long-term air pollution and road traffic noise exposure and COPD: the Danish Nurse Cohort." European Respiratory Journal , no. : 2004594.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2021 in Environment International
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Ambient air pollution is likely a risk factor for asthma, and recent evidence suggests the possible relevance of road traffic noise. We examined the associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise with adult-asthma incidence. We followed 28,731 female nurses (age > 44 years) from the Danish Nurse Cohort, recruited in 1993 and 1999, for first hospital contact for asthma from 1977 until 2015. We estimated residential annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) since 1990 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) since 1970 with the Danish DEHM/UBM/AirGIS modeling system, and road traffic noise (Lden) since 1970 with the Nord2000 model. Time-varying Cox regression models were used to associate air pollution and road traffic noise exposure with asthma incidence. During 18.6 years’ mean follow-up, 528 out of 23,093 participants had hospital contact for asthma. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals for asthma incidence associated with 3-year moving average exposures were 1.29 (1.03, 1.61) per 6.3 µg/m3 for PM2.5, 1.16 (1.07, 1.27) per 8.2 µg/m3 for NO2, and 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) per 10 dB for Lden. The HR for NO2 remained unchanged after adjustment for either PM2.5 or Lden, while the HRs for PM2.5 and Lden attenuated to unity after adjustment for NO2. Long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with adult-asthma incidence independently of road traffic noise, with NO2 most relevant. Road traffic noise was not independently associated with adult-asthma incidence.

ACS Style

Shuo Liu; Youn-Hee Lim; Marie Pedersen; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Heresh Amini; Thomas Cole-Hunter; Amar J. Mehta; Rina So; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi G.J. Westendorp; Steffen Loft; Elvira V. Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen S. Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Torben Sigsgaard; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Maja Brborić; Jelena Radonić; Maja Turk Sekulic; Klaus Bønnelykke; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana J. Andersen. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and road traffic noise and asthma incidence in adults: The Danish Nurse cohort. Environment International 2021, 152, 106464 .

AMA Style

Shuo Liu, Youn-Hee Lim, Marie Pedersen, Jeanette T. Jørgensen, Heresh Amini, Thomas Cole-Hunter, Amar J. Mehta, Rina So, Laust H. Mortensen, Rudi G.J. Westendorp, Steffen Loft, Elvira V. Bräuner, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Jørgen Brandt, Steen S. Jensen, Jesper H. Christensen, Torben Sigsgaard, Camilla Geels, Lise M. Frohn, Maja Brborić, Jelena Radonić, Maja Turk Sekulic, Klaus Bønnelykke, Claus Backalarz, Mette K. Simonsen, Zorana J. Andersen. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and road traffic noise and asthma incidence in adults: The Danish Nurse cohort. Environment International. 2021; 152 ():106464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Liu; Youn-Hee Lim; Marie Pedersen; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Heresh Amini; Thomas Cole-Hunter; Amar J. Mehta; Rina So; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi G.J. Westendorp; Steffen Loft; Elvira V. Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen S. Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Torben Sigsgaard; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Maja Brborić; Jelena Radonić; Maja Turk Sekulic; Klaus Bønnelykke; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana J. Andersen. 2021. "Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and road traffic noise and asthma incidence in adults: The Danish Nurse cohort." Environment International 152, no. : 106464.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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It is believed that weather conditions such as temperature and humidity have effects on COVID-19 transmission. However, these effects are not clear due to the limited observations and difficulties in separating impact of social distancing. COVID-19 data and social-economic features of 1236 regions in the world (1112 regions at the provincial level and 124 countries with the small land area) were collected. Large-scale satellite data was combined with these data with a regression analysis model to explore the effects of temperature and relative humidity on COVID-19 spreading, as well as the possible transmission risk by seasonal cycles. The result shows that temperature and relative humidity are negatively correlated with COVID-19 transmission throughout the world. Government intervention (e.g. lockdown policies) and lower population movement contributed to decrease the new daily case ratio. Weather conditions are not the decisive factor in COVID-19 transmission, in that government intervention as well as public awareness, could contribute to the mitigation of the spreading of the virus. So, it deserves a dynamic government policy to mitigate COVID-19 transmission in winter.

ACS Style

Chen Zhang; Hua Liao; Eric Strobl; Hui Li; Ru Li; Steen Solvang Jensen; Ying Zhang. The role of weather conditions in COVID-19 transmission: A study of a global panel of 1236 regions. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 292, 125987 -125987.

AMA Style

Chen Zhang, Hua Liao, Eric Strobl, Hui Li, Ru Li, Steen Solvang Jensen, Ying Zhang. The role of weather conditions in COVID-19 transmission: A study of a global panel of 1236 regions. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 292 ():125987-125987.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen Zhang; Hua Liao; Eric Strobl; Hui Li; Ru Li; Steen Solvang Jensen; Ying Zhang. 2021. "The role of weather conditions in COVID-19 transmission: A study of a global panel of 1236 regions." Journal of Cleaner Production 292, no. : 125987-125987.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Environmental Research
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Previous studies have suggested that transportation noise may increase risk for breast cancer, but existing literature is scarce and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate associations between road traffic and railway noise and risk for breast cancer across the entire Danish female population. For all 2.8 million residential addresses across Denmark, we modelled road and railway noise at the most and least exposed façades for the period 1990–2017. We calculated 10-year time-weighted mean noise exposure for 1.8 million women aged >35 years, of whom 66,006 developed breast cancer during follow-up from 2000 to 2017. We analysed data using Cox proportional hazards models with noise exposure included as 10-year running means and adjusted for a number of individual and area-level socioeconomic co-variates and air pollution with fine particles estimated for all addresses. For exposures at the least exposed façade, we found that a 10 dB increase in 10-year time-weighted noise was associated with incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer of 1.032 (1.019–1.046) for road noise and 1.023 (0.993–1.053) for railway noise. For exposures at the most exposed façade, the IRRs (95% CIs) were 1.012 (1.002–1.022) for road noise and 1.020 (1.001–1.039) for railway noise. Associations were strongest among women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative breast cancer. Road traffic and railway noise were associated with higher risk for breast cancer, especially noise at the least exposed façade, which is a proxy for noise exposure during sleep.

ACS Style

Mette Sørensen; Aslak Harbo Poulsen; Niels Kroman; Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt; Jesse Daniel Thacher; Nina Roswall; Jørgen Brandt; Lise Marie Frohn; Steen Solvang Jensen; Gregor Levin; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen. Road and railway noise and risk for breast cancer: A nationwide study covering Denmark. Environmental Research 2021, 195, 110739 .

AMA Style

Mette Sørensen, Aslak Harbo Poulsen, Niels Kroman, Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt, Jesse Daniel Thacher, Nina Roswall, Jørgen Brandt, Lise Marie Frohn, Steen Solvang Jensen, Gregor Levin, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen. Road and railway noise and risk for breast cancer: A nationwide study covering Denmark. Environmental Research. 2021; 195 ():110739.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mette Sørensen; Aslak Harbo Poulsen; Niels Kroman; Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt; Jesse Daniel Thacher; Nina Roswall; Jørgen Brandt; Lise Marie Frohn; Steen Solvang Jensen; Gregor Levin; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen. 2021. "Road and railway noise and risk for breast cancer: A nationwide study covering Denmark." Environmental Research 195, no. : 110739.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in European Respiratory Journal
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BackgroundLong-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked to childhood-onset asthma, while evidence is still insufficient. Within the multicentre project “Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe” (ELAPSE), we examined the associations of long-term exposures to particulate matter with diameter2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon (BC) with asthma incidence in adults.MethodsWe pooled data from three cohorts in Denmark and Sweden with information on asthma hospital diagnoses. The average concentrations of air pollutants in 2010 were modelled by hybrid land use regression models at participants’ baseline residential addresses. Associations of air pollution exposures with asthma incidence were explored with Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsOf 98 326 participants, 1965 developed asthma during a 16.6 years mean follow-up. We observed associations in fully adjusted models with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 1.22 (1.04−1.43) per 5 μg·m−3 for PM2.5, 1.17 (1.10−1.25) per 10 µg·m−3 for NO2, and 1.15 (1.08−1.23) per 0.5 10−5 m−1 for BC. Hazard ratios were larger in cohort subsets with exposure levels below the EU and US limit values and possibly WHO guidelines for PM2.5 and NO2. NO2 and BC estimates remained unchanged in two-pollutant models with PM2.5, whereas PM2.5 estimates were attenuated to unity. The concentration response curves showed no evidence of a threshold.ConclusionsLong-term exposure to air pollution, especially from fossil fuel combustion sources such as motorised traffic, was associated with adult-onset asthma, even at levels below the current limit values.

ACS Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W. Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole A.H. Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P. Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Doris Tove Kristoffersen; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project. European Respiratory Journal 2020, 2003099 .

AMA Style

Shuo Liu, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Petter Ljungman, Göran Pershagen, Tom Bellander, Karin Leander, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Debora Rizzuto, Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Kathrin Wolf, Barbara Hoffmann, Bert Brunekreef, Maciej Strak, Jie Chen, Amar Mehta, Richard W. Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Raphaëlle Varraso, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Jørgen Brandt, Giulia Cesaroni, Francesco Forastiere, Daniela Fecht, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Kees de Hoogh, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Klea Katsouyanni, Matthias Ketzel, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Gabriele Nagel, Bente Oftedal, Annette Peters, Anne Tjønneland, Sophia P. Rodopoulou, Evangelia Samoli, Doris Tove Kristoffersen, Torben Sigsgaard, Massimo Stafoggia, Danielle Vienneau, Gudrun Weinmayr, Gerard Hoek, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project. European Respiratory Journal. 2020; ():2003099.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W. Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole A.H. Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P. Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Doris Tove Kristoffersen; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. 2020. "Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project." European Respiratory Journal , no. : 2003099.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020
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ACS Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K E Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees De Hoogh; Nicole A H Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Doris Tove Kristoffersen; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Shuo Liu, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Petter Ljungman, Göran Pershagen, Tom Bellander, Karin Leander, Patrik K E Magnusson, Debora Rizzuto, Ulla A Hvidtfeldt, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Kathrin Wolf, Barbara Hoffmann, Bert Brunekreef, Maciej Strak, Jie Chen, Amar Mehta, Richard W Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Raphaëlle Varraso, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Jørgen Brandt, Giulia Cesaroni, Francesco Forastiere, Daniela Fecht, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Kees De Hoogh, Nicole A H Janssen, Klea Katsouyanni, Matthias Ketzel, Jochem O Klompmaker, Gabriele Nagel, Bente Oftedal, Annette Peters, Anne Tjønneland, Sophia P Rodopoulou, Evangelia Samoli, Doris Tove Kristoffersen, Torben Sigsgaard, Massimo Stafoggia, Danielle Vienneau, Gudrun Weinmayr, Gerard Hoek, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K E Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees De Hoogh; Nicole A H Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Doris Tove Kristoffersen; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. 2020. "Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2020 in Environmental Research
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An association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and lung cancer has been established in previous studies. PM2.5 is a complex mixture of chemical components from various sources and little is known about whether certain components contribute specifically to the associated lung cancer risk. The present study builds on recent findings from the “Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe” (ELAPSE) collaboration and addresses the potential association between specific elemental components of PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence. We pooled seven cohorts from across Europe and assigned exposure estimates for eight components of PM2.5 representing non-tail pipe emissions (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)), long-range transport (sulfur (S)), oil burning/industry emissions (nickel (Ni), vanadium (V)), crustal material (silicon (Si)), and biomass burning (potassium (K)) to cohort participants’ baseline residential address based on 100 m by 100 m grids from newly developed hybrid models combining air pollution monitoring, land use data, satellite observations, and dispersion model estimates. We applied stratified Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, calendar year, marital status, smoking, body mass index, employment status, and neighborhood-level socio-economic status). The pooled study population comprised 306,550 individuals with 3,916 incident lung cancer events during 5,541,672 person-years of follow-up. We observed a positive association between exposure to all eight components and lung cancer incidence, with adjusted HRs of 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.16) per 50 ng/m3 PM2.5 K, 1.09 (95% CI 1.02, 1.15) per 1 ng/m3 PM2.5 Ni, 1.22 (95% CI 1.11, 1.35) per 200 ng/m3 PM2.5 S, and 1.07 (95% CI 1.02, 1.12) per 200 ng/m3 PM2.5 V. Effect estimates were largely unaffected by adjustment for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). After adjustment for PM2.5 mass, effect estimates of K, Ni, S, and V were slightly attenuated, whereas effect estimates of Cu, Si, Fe, and Zn became null or negative. Our results point towards an increased risk of lung cancer in connection with sources of combustion particles from oil and biomass burning and secondary inorganic aerosols rather than non-exhaust traffic emissions. Specific limit values or guidelines targeting these specific PM2.5 components may prove helpful in future lung cancer prevention strategies.

ACS Style

Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt; Jie Chen; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen; Richard Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Tom Bellander; Jørgen Brandt; Bert Brunekreef; Giulia Cesaroni; Hans Concin; Daniela Fecht; Francesco Forastiere; Carla H. van Gils; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Gerard Hoek; Barbara Hoffmann; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole Janssen; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Klea Katsouyanni; Karl-Heinz Jöckel; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Alois Lang; Karin Leander; Shuo Liu; Petter L.S. Ljungman; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Amar Jayant Mehta; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Göran Pershagen; Raphael Simon Peter; Annette Peters; Matteo Renzi; Debora Rizzuto; Sophia Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Per Everhard Schwarze; Gianluca Severi; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Maciej Strak; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Kathrin Wolf; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen. Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort. Environmental Research 2020, 193, 110568 .

AMA Style

Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt, Jie Chen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Richard Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Tom Bellander, Jørgen Brandt, Bert Brunekreef, Giulia Cesaroni, Hans Concin, Daniela Fecht, Francesco Forastiere, Carla H. van Gils, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Gerard Hoek, Barbara Hoffmann, Kees de Hoogh, Nicole Janssen, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Klea Katsouyanni, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Matthias Ketzel, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Alois Lang, Karin Leander, Shuo Liu, Petter L.S. Ljungman, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Amar Jayant Mehta, Gabriele Nagel, Bente Oftedal, Göran Pershagen, Raphael Simon Peter, Annette Peters, Matteo Renzi, Debora Rizzuto, Sophia Rodopoulou, Evangelia Samoli, Per Everhard Schwarze, Gianluca Severi, Torben Sigsgaard, Massimo Stafoggia, Maciej Strak, Danielle Vienneau, Gudrun Weinmayr, Kathrin Wolf, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen. Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort. Environmental Research. 2020; 193 ():110568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt; Jie Chen; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen; Richard Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Tom Bellander; Jørgen Brandt; Bert Brunekreef; Giulia Cesaroni; Hans Concin; Daniela Fecht; Francesco Forastiere; Carla H. van Gils; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Gerard Hoek; Barbara Hoffmann; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole Janssen; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Klea Katsouyanni; Karl-Heinz Jöckel; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Alois Lang; Karin Leander; Shuo Liu; Petter L.S. Ljungman; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Amar Jayant Mehta; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Göran Pershagen; Raphael Simon Peter; Annette Peters; Matteo Renzi; Debora Rizzuto; Sophia Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Per Everhard Schwarze; Gianluca Severi; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Maciej Strak; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Kathrin Wolf; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen. 2020. "Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort." Environmental Research 193, no. : 110568.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environment International
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Air pollution has been suggested as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but evidence is sparse and inconsistent. We examined the association between long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and COPD incidence. Within the ‘Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe’ (ELAPSE) study, we pooled data from three cohorts, from Denmark and Sweden, with information on COPD hospital discharge diagnoses. Hybrid land use regression models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon (BC) in 2010 at participants’ baseline residential addresses, which were analysed in relation to COPD incidence using Cox proportional hazards models. Of 98,058 participants, 4,928 developed COPD during 16.6 years mean follow-up. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for associations with COPD incidence were 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) per 5 µg/m3 for PM2.5, 1.11 (1.06, 1.16) per 10 µg/m3 for NO2, and 1.11 (1.06, 1.15) per 0.5 10−5m−1 for BC. Associations persisted in subset participants with PM2.5 or NO2 levels below current EU and US limit values and WHO guidelines, with no evidence for a threshold. HRs for NO2 and BC remained unchanged in two-pollutant models with PM2.5, whereas the HR for PM2.5 was attenuated to unity with NO2 or BC. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution is associated with the development of COPD, even below current EU and US limit values and possibly WHO guidelines. Traffic-related pollutants NO2 and BC may be the most relevant.

ACS Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W. Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole A.H. Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P. Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Terese Bekkevold; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana J. Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The ELAPSE project. Environment International 2020, 146, 106267 .

AMA Style

Shuo Liu, Jeanette T. Jørgensen, Petter Ljungman, Göran Pershagen, Tom Bellander, Karin Leander, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Debora Rizzuto, Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Kathrin Wolf, Barbara Hoffmann, Bert Brunekreef, Maciej Strak, Jie Chen, Amar Mehta, Richard W. Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Raphaëlle Varraso, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Jørgen Brandt, Giulia Cesaroni, Francesco Forastiere, Daniela Fecht, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Kees de Hoogh, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Klea Katsouyanni, Matthias Ketzel, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Gabriele Nagel, Bente Oftedal, Annette Peters, Anne Tjønneland, Sophia P. Rodopoulou, Evangelia Samoli, Terese Bekkevold, Torben Sigsgaard, Massimo Stafoggia, Danielle Vienneau, Gudrun Weinmayr, Gerard Hoek, Zorana J. Andersen. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The ELAPSE project. Environment International. 2020; 146 ():106267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Liu; Jeanette T. Jørgensen; Petter Ljungman; Göran Pershagen; Tom Bellander; Karin Leander; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Debora Rizzuto; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Kathrin Wolf; Barbara Hoffmann; Bert Brunekreef; Maciej Strak; Jie Chen; Amar Mehta; Richard W. Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Raphaëlle Varraso; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole A.H. Janssen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Annette Peters; Anne Tjønneland; Sophia P. Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Terese Bekkevold; Torben Sigsgaard; Massimo Stafoggia; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Gerard Hoek; Zorana J. Andersen. 2020. "Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The ELAPSE project." Environment International 146, no. : 106267.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Environment International
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Ambient air pollution has been associated with lung cancer, but the shape of the exposure-response function - especially at low exposure levels - is not well described. The aim of this study was to address the relationship between long-term low-level air pollution exposure and lung cancer incidence. The “Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: a Study in Europe” (ELAPSE) collaboration pools seven cohorts from across Europe. We developed hybrid models combining air pollution monitoring, land use data, satellite observations, and dispersion model estimates for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and ozone (O3) to assign exposure to cohort participants’ residential addresses in 100 m by 100 m grids. We applied stratified Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, calendar year, marital status, smoking, body mass index, employment status, and neighborhood-level socio-economic status). We fitted linear models, linear models in subsets, Shape-Constrained Health Impact Functions (SCHIF), and natural cubic spline models to assess the shape of the association between air pollution and lung cancer at concentrations below existing standards and guidelines. The analyses included 307,550 cohort participants. During a mean follow-up of 18.1 years, 3956 incident lung cancer cases occurred. Median (Q1, Q3) annual (2010) exposure levels of NO2, PM2.5, BC and O3 (warm season) were 24.2 µg/m3 (19.5, 29.7), 15.4 µg/m3 (12.8, 17.3), 1.6 10−5m−1 (1.3, 1.8), and 86.6 µg/m3 (78.5, 92.9), respectively. We observed a higher risk for lung cancer with higher exposure to PM2.5 (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.23 per 5 µg/m3). This association was robust to adjustment for other pollutants. The SCHIF, spline and subset analyses suggested a linear or supra-linear association with no evidence of a threshold. In subset analyses, risk estimates were clearly elevated for the subset of subjects with exposure below the EU limit value of 25 µg/m3. We did not observe associations between NO2, BC or O3 and lung cancer incidence. Long-term ambient PM2.5 exposure is associated with lung cancer incidence even at concentrations below current EU limit values and possibly WHO Air Quality Guidelines.

ACS Style

Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt; Gianluca Severi; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen; Richard Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Tom Bellander; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Bert Brunekreef; Giulia Cesaroni; Jie Chen; Hans Concin; Francesco Forastiere; Carla H. van Gils; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Gerard Hoek; Barbara Hoffmann; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole Janssen; Karl-Heinz Jöckel; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Norun Hjertager Krog; Alois Lang; Karin Leander; Shuo Liu; Petter L.S. Ljungman; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Amar Jayant Mehta; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Göran Pershagen; Raphael Simon Peter; Annette Peters; Matteo Renzi; Debora Rizzuto; Sophia Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Per Everhard Schwarze; Torben Sigsgaard; Mette Kildevæld Simonsen; Massimo Stafoggia; Maciek Strak; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Kathrin Wolf; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Daniela Fecht. Long-term low-level ambient air pollution exposure and risk of lung cancer – A pooled analysis of 7 European cohorts. Environment International 2020, 146, 106249 .

AMA Style

Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt, Gianluca Severi, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Richard Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Tom Bellander, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Jørgen Brandt, Bert Brunekreef, Giulia Cesaroni, Jie Chen, Hans Concin, Francesco Forastiere, Carla H. van Gils, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Gerard Hoek, Barbara Hoffmann, Kees de Hoogh, Nicole Janssen, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Klea Katsouyanni, Matthias Ketzel, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Norun Hjertager Krog, Alois Lang, Karin Leander, Shuo Liu, Petter L.S. Ljungman, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Amar Jayant Mehta, Gabriele Nagel, Bente Oftedal, Göran Pershagen, Raphael Simon Peter, Annette Peters, Matteo Renzi, Debora Rizzuto, Sophia Rodopoulou, Evangelia Samoli, Per Everhard Schwarze, Torben Sigsgaard, Mette Kildevæld Simonsen, Massimo Stafoggia, Maciek Strak, Danielle Vienneau, Gudrun Weinmayr, Kathrin Wolf, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Daniela Fecht. Long-term low-level ambient air pollution exposure and risk of lung cancer – A pooled analysis of 7 European cohorts. Environment International. 2020; 146 ():106249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt; Gianluca Severi; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen; Richard Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Tom Bellander; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Jørgen Brandt; Bert Brunekreef; Giulia Cesaroni; Jie Chen; Hans Concin; Francesco Forastiere; Carla H. van Gils; John Gulliver; Ole Hertel; Gerard Hoek; Barbara Hoffmann; Kees de Hoogh; Nicole Janssen; Karl-Heinz Jöckel; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Klea Katsouyanni; Matthias Ketzel; Jochem O. Klompmaker; Norun Hjertager Krog; Alois Lang; Karin Leander; Shuo Liu; Petter L.S. Ljungman; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Amar Jayant Mehta; Gabriele Nagel; Bente Oftedal; Göran Pershagen; Raphael Simon Peter; Annette Peters; Matteo Renzi; Debora Rizzuto; Sophia Rodopoulou; Evangelia Samoli; Per Everhard Schwarze; Torben Sigsgaard; Mette Kildevæld Simonsen; Massimo Stafoggia; Maciek Strak; Danielle Vienneau; Gudrun Weinmayr; Kathrin Wolf; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Daniela Fecht. 2020. "Long-term low-level ambient air pollution exposure and risk of lung cancer – A pooled analysis of 7 European cohorts." Environment International 146, no. : 106249.

Review article
Published: 25 August 2020 in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
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Michelle C. Turner; Zorana J. Andersen; Andrea Baccarelli; W. Ryan Diver; Susan M. Gapstur; C. Arden Pope; Diddier Prada; Jonathan Samet; George Thurston; Aaron Cohen. Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2020, 70, 460 -479.

AMA Style

Michelle C. Turner, Zorana J. Andersen, Andrea Baccarelli, W. Ryan Diver, Susan M. Gapstur, C. Arden Pope, Diddier Prada, Jonathan Samet, George Thurston, Aaron Cohen. Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2020; 70 (6):460-479.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michelle C. Turner; Zorana J. Andersen; Andrea Baccarelli; W. Ryan Diver; Susan M. Gapstur; C. Arden Pope; Diddier Prada; Jonathan Samet; George Thurston; Aaron Cohen. 2020. "Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 70, no. 6: 460-479.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Environment International
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The association between air pollution and mortality is well established, yet some uncertainties remain: there are few studies that account for road traffic noise exposure or that consider in detail the shape of the exposure–response function for cause-specific mortality outcomes, especially at low-levels of exposure. We examined the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter [(PM) with a diameter of 44 years) from the Danish Nurse Cohort, who were recruited in 1993 or 1999, and linked to the Danish Causes of Death Register for follow-up on date of death and its cause, until the end of 2013. Annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 at the participants’ residences since 1990 were estimated using the Danish DEHM/UBM/AirGIS dispersion model, and annual mean road traffic noise levels (Lden) were estimated using the Nord2000 model. We examined associations between the three-year running mean of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 with total and cause-specific mortality by using time-varying Cox Regression models, adjusting for individual characteristics and residential road traffic noise. During the study period, 3,708 nurses died: 843 from cardiovascular disease (CVD), 310 from respiratory disease (RD), and 64 from diabetes. In the fully adjusted models, including road traffic noise, we detected associations of three-year running mean of PM2.5 with total (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval: 1.06; 1.01–1.11), CVD (1.14; 1.03–1.26), and diabetes mortality (1.41; 1.05–1.90), per interquartile range of 4.39 μg/m3. In a subset of the cohort exposed to PM2.5 < 20 µg/m3, we found even stronger association with total (1.19; 1.11–1.27), CVD (1.27; 1.01–1.46), RD (1.27; 1.00–1.60), and diabetes mortality (1.44; 0.83–2.48). We found similar associations with PM10 and none with NO2. All associations were robust to adjustment for road traffic noise. Long-term exposure to low-levels of PM2.5 and PM10 is associated with total mortality, and mortality from CVD, RD, and diabetes. Associations were even stronger at the PM2.5 levels below EU limit values and were independent of road traffic noise.

ACS Style

Rina So; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Youn-Hee Lim; Amar J. Mehta; Heresh Amini; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi Westendorp; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Jesper H. Christensen; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Torben Sigsgaard; Elvira Bräuner; Steen Solvang Jensen; Claus Backalarz; Mette Kildevæld Simonsen; Steffen Loft; Tom Cole-Hunter; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low levels of air pollution and mortality adjusting for road traffic noise: A Danish Nurse Cohort study. Environment International 2020, 143, 105983 .

AMA Style

Rina So, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Youn-Hee Lim, Amar J. Mehta, Heresh Amini, Laust H. Mortensen, Rudi Westendorp, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Jørgen Brandt, Jesper H. Christensen, Camilla Geels, Lise M. Frohn, Torben Sigsgaard, Elvira Bräuner, Steen Solvang Jensen, Claus Backalarz, Mette Kildevæld Simonsen, Steffen Loft, Tom Cole-Hunter, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to low levels of air pollution and mortality adjusting for road traffic noise: A Danish Nurse Cohort study. Environment International. 2020; 143 ():105983.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rina So; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Youn-Hee Lim; Amar J. Mehta; Heresh Amini; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi Westendorp; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Jesper H. Christensen; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Torben Sigsgaard; Elvira Bräuner; Steen Solvang Jensen; Claus Backalarz; Mette Kildevæld Simonsen; Steffen Loft; Tom Cole-Hunter; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. 2020. "Long-term exposure to low levels of air pollution and mortality adjusting for road traffic noise: A Danish Nurse Cohort study." Environment International 143, no. : 105983.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2020 in Environment International
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Ambient air pollution has been linked to stroke, but few studies have examined in detail stroke subtypes and confounding by road traffic noise, which was recently associated with stroke. Here we examined the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of stroke (overall, ischemic, hemorrhagic), adjusting for road traffic noise. In a nationwide Danish Nurse Cohort consisting of 23,423 nurses, recruited in 1993 or 1999, we identified 1,078 incident cases of stroke (944 ischemic and 134 hemorrhagic) up to December 31, 2014, defined as first-ever hospital contact. The full residential address histories since 1970 were obtained for each participant and the annual means of air pollutants (particulate matter with diameter < 2.5 µm and < 10 µm (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx)) and road traffic noise were determined using validated models. Time-varying Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) for the associations of one-, three, and 23-year running mean of air pollutants with stroke adjusting for potential confounders and noise. In fully adjusted models, the HRs (95% CI) per interquartile range increase in one-year running mean of PM2.5 and overall, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke were 1.12 (1.01–1.25), 1.13 (1.01–1.26), and 1.07 (0.80–1.44), respectively, and remained unchanged after adjustment for noise. Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 was associated with the risk of stroke independent of road traffic noise.

ACS Style

Heresh Amini; Christian Dehlendorff; Youn-Hee Lim; Amar Mehta; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi Westendorp; Barbara Hoffmann; Steffen Loft; Tom Cole-Hunter; Elvira Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to air pollution and stroke incidence: A Danish Nurse cohort study. Environment International 2020, 142, 105891 .

AMA Style

Heresh Amini, Christian Dehlendorff, Youn-Hee Lim, Amar Mehta, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Laust H. Mortensen, Rudi Westendorp, Barbara Hoffmann, Steffen Loft, Tom Cole-Hunter, Elvira Bräuner, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Jørgen Brandt, Steen Solvang Jensen, Jesper H. Christensen, Camilla Geels, Lise M. Frohn, Claus Backalarz, Mette K. Simonsen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-term exposure to air pollution and stroke incidence: A Danish Nurse cohort study. Environment International. 2020; 142 ():105891.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heresh Amini; Christian Dehlendorff; Youn-Hee Lim; Amar Mehta; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Laust H. Mortensen; Rudi Westendorp; Barbara Hoffmann; Steffen Loft; Tom Cole-Hunter; Elvira Bräuner; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Jesper H. Christensen; Camilla Geels; Lise M. Frohn; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. 2020. "Long-term exposure to air pollution and stroke incidence: A Danish Nurse cohort study." Environment International 142, no. : 105891.

Review
Published: 22 June 2020 in Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
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Purpose Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used to reduce climacteric symptoms of menopause and prevent osteoporosis; however, it increases risk of breast cancer. Mammographic density (MD) is also a strong risk factor for breast cancer. We conducted this review to investigate the association between HRT use and MD and to assess the effect of different HRT regimens on MD. Methods Two of authors examined articles published between 2002 and 2019 from PubMed, Embase, and OVID using Covidence systematic review platform. Any disagreements were discussed until consensus was reached. The protocol used in this review was created in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Quality of each eligible study was assessed using the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) hierarchy. Results Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Six studies showed that using estrogen plus progestin (E + P) HRT was associated with higher MD than estrogen alone. Four studies reported that continuous estrogen plus progestin (CEP) users had higher MD than sequential estrogen plus progestin (SEP) and estrogen alone users. However, two studies showed that SEP users had slightly higher MD than CEP users and estrogen alone users. Conclusions Epidemiological evidence is rather consistent suggesting that there is a positive association between HRT use and MD with the highest increase in MD among current users, and CEP users. Our results suggest that due to increase in MD and masking effect, current E + P users may require additional screening procedures, shorter screening intervals, or using advanced imaging techniques.

ACS Style

Shadi Azam; Katja Kemp Jacobsen; Arja R. Aro; Elsebeth Lynge; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Hormone replacement therapy and mammographic density: a systematic literature review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2020, 182, 555 -579.

AMA Style

Shadi Azam, Katja Kemp Jacobsen, Arja R. Aro, Elsebeth Lynge, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Hormone replacement therapy and mammographic density: a systematic literature review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2020; 182 (3):555-579.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shadi Azam; Katja Kemp Jacobsen; Arja R. Aro; Elsebeth Lynge; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. 2020. "Hormone replacement therapy and mammographic density: a systematic literature review." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 182, no. 3: 555-579.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2020 in Environmental Research
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Transportation noise is a growing public health concern worldwide and epidemiological evidence has linked road traffic noise with mortality. However, incongruent effect estimates have been reported between incidence and mortality studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether long-term exposure to residential road traffic noise at the most and least exposed façades was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, respiratory, or cancer mortality in a Danish cohort study. In a cohort of 52,758 individuals from Copenhagen and Aarhus, we estimated road traffic noise at the most and least exposed façades, as well as ambient air pollution, at all present and historical residential addresses from 1987 to 2016. Using the Danish cause of death register we identified cause-specific mortality. Analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models. Ten-year time-weighted mean road traffic noise exposure at the most exposed façade was associated with an 8% higher risk for all-cause mortality per interquartile range (IQR; 10.4 dB) higher exposure level (95% CI: 1.05–1.11). Higher risks were also observed for CVD (HR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06–1.19) and stroke (HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.99–1.25) mortality. Road traffic noise at the least exposed façade (per IQR; 8.4 dB) was associated with CVD (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03–1.15), IHD (HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.21) and stroke (HR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.95–1.19) mortality. Results were robust to adjustment for PM2.5 and NO2. In conclusion, this study adds to the body of evidence linking exposure to road traffic noise with higher risk of mortality.

ACS Style

Jesse D. Thacher; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Aslak H. Poulsen; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Matthias Ketzel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Kim Overvad; Anne Tjonneland; Thomas Münzel; Mette Sørensen. Long-term residential road traffic noise and mortality in a Danish cohort. Environmental Research 2020, 187, 109633 .

AMA Style

Jesse D. Thacher, Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt, Aslak H. Poulsen, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Matthias Ketzel, Jørgen Brandt, Steen Solvang Jensen, Kim Overvad, Anne Tjonneland, Thomas Münzel, Mette Sørensen. Long-term residential road traffic noise and mortality in a Danish cohort. Environmental Research. 2020; 187 ():109633.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesse D. Thacher; Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt; Aslak H. Poulsen; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Matthias Ketzel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Kim Overvad; Anne Tjonneland; Thomas Münzel; Mette Sørensen. 2020. "Long-term residential road traffic noise and mortality in a Danish cohort." Environmental Research 187, no. : 109633.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Environmental Health Perspectives
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Background:Air pollution exposure has been linked to coronary heart disease, although evidence on PM2.5 and myocardial infarction (MI) incidence is mixed.Objectives:This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and MI incidence, adjusting for road traffic noise.Methods:We used data from the nationwide Danish Nurse Cohort on 22,882 female nurses (>44 years of age) who, at recruitment in 1993 or 1999, reported information on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Data on MI incidence was collected from the Danish National Patient Register until the end of 2014. Annual mean concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with a diameter <2.5 μg/m3 (PM2.5), PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at the nurses’ residences since 1990 (PM10 and PM2.5) or 1970 (NO2 and NOx) were estimated using the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model/Urban Background Model/AirGIS (DEHM/UBM/AirGIS) dispersion model. We used time-varying Cox regression models to examine the association between 1- and 3-y running means of these pollutants, as well as 23-y running means of NO2 and NOx, with both overall and fatal incident MI. Associations were explored in three progressively adjusted models: Model 1, adjusted for age and baseline year; Model 2, with further adjustment for potential confounding by lifestyle and cardiovascular disease risk factors; and Model 3, with further adjustment for road traffic noise, modeled as the annual mean of a weighted 24-h average (Lden).Results:Of the 22,882 women, 641 developed MI during a mean follow-up of 18.6 y, 121 (18.9%) of which were fatal. Reported hazard ratios (HRs) were based on interquartile range increases of 5.3, 5.5, 8.1, and 11.5 μg/m3 for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOX, respectively. In Model 1, we observed a positive association between a 3-y running mean of PM2.5 and an overall incident MI with an HR= 1.20 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.35), which attenuated to HR= 1.06 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.23) in Model 2. In Model 1 for incident fatal MI, we observed a strong association with a 3-y running mean of PM2.5, with an HR= 1.69 (95% CI: 1.33, 2.13), which attenuated to HR= 1.35 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.81) in Model 2. Similar associations were seen for PM10, with 3-y, Model 2 estimates for overall and fatal incident MI of HR= 1.06 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.23) and HR= 1.35 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.81), respectively. No evidence of an association was observed for NO2 or NOx. For all pollutants, associations in Model 2 were robust to further adjustment for road traffic noise in Model 3 and were similar for a 1-y running mean exposure.Conclusions:We found no association between long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, or NOx and overall MI incidence, but we observed positive associations for PM2.5 and PM10 with fatal MI. We present novel findings that the association between PM and MI incidence is robust to adjustment for road traffic noise. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5818

ACS Style

Johannah Cramer; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Barbara Hoffmann; Steffen Loft; Elvira Bräuner; Eva Prescott; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Nurse Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2020, 128, 057003 .

AMA Style

Johannah Cramer, Jeanette Therming Jørgensen, Barbara Hoffmann, Steffen Loft, Elvira Bräuner, Eva Prescott, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Jørgen Brandt, Steen Solvang Jensen, Claus Backalarz, Mette K. Simonsen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Nurse Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2020; 128 (5):057003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johannah Cramer; Jeanette Therming Jørgensen; Barbara Hoffmann; Steffen Loft; Elvira Bräuner; Eva Prescott; Matthias Ketzel; Ole Hertel; Jørgen Brandt; Steen Solvang Jensen; Claus Backalarz; Mette K. Simonsen; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. 2020. "Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Nurse Cohort Study." Environmental Health Perspectives 128, no. 5: 057003.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Environmental Health Perspectives
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Epidemiological research on effects of transportation noise on incident hypertension is inconsistent. We aimed to investigate whether residential road traffic noise increases the risk for hypertension. In a population-based cohort of 57,053 individuals 50-64 years of age at enrollment, we identified 21,241 individuals who fulfilled our case definition of filling ≥ 2 prescriptions and ≥ 180 defined daily doses of antihypertensive drugs (AHTs) within a year, during a mean follow-up time of 14.0 y. Residential addresses from 1987 to 2016 were obtained from national registers, and road traffic noise at the most exposed façade as well as the least exposed façade was modeled for all addresses. Analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models. We found no associations between the 10-y mean exposure to road traffic noise and filled prescriptions for AHTs, with incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of 0.999 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.980, 1.019)] per 10-dB increase in road traffic noise at the most exposed façade and of 1.001 (95% CI: 0.977, 1.026) at the least exposed façade. Interaction analyses suggested an association with road traffic noise at the least exposed façade among subpopulations of current smokers and obese individuals. The present study does not support an association between road traffic noise and filled prescriptions for AHTs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6273.

ACS Style

Jesse D. Thacher; Aslak H. Poulsen; Nina Roswall; Ulla Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Steen Solvang Jensen; Matthias Ketzel; Jørgen Brandt; Kim Overvad; Anne Tjonneland; Thomas Münzel; Mette Sørensen. Road Traffic Noise Exposure and Filled Prescriptions for Antihypertensive Medication: A Danish Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2020, 128, 057004 .

AMA Style

Jesse D. Thacher, Aslak H. Poulsen, Nina Roswall, Ulla Hvidtfeldt, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Steen Solvang Jensen, Matthias Ketzel, Jørgen Brandt, Kim Overvad, Anne Tjonneland, Thomas Münzel, Mette Sørensen. Road Traffic Noise Exposure and Filled Prescriptions for Antihypertensive Medication: A Danish Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2020; 128 (5):057004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesse D. Thacher; Aslak H. Poulsen; Nina Roswall; Ulla Hvidtfeldt; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Steen Solvang Jensen; Matthias Ketzel; Jørgen Brandt; Kim Overvad; Anne Tjonneland; Thomas Münzel; Mette Sørensen. 2020. "Road Traffic Noise Exposure and Filled Prescriptions for Antihypertensive Medication: A Danish Cohort Study." Environmental Health Perspectives 128, no. 5: 057004.