Analysis of high-dimensional data, with more features ($p$) than observations ($N$) ($p>N$), places significant demand in cost and memory computational usage attributes. Feature selection can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the data. We used a graph-based approach, principal component analysis (PCA) and recursive feature elimination to select features for classification from RNAseq datasets from two lung cancer datasets. The selected features were discretized for association rule mining where support and lift were used to generate informative rules. Our results show that the graph-based feature selection improved the performance of sequential minimal optimization (SMO) and multilayer perceptron classifiers (MLP) in both datasets. In association rule mining, features selected using the graph-based approach outperformed the other two feature-selection techniques at a support of 0.5 and lift of 2. The non-redundant rules reflect the inherent relationships between features. Biological features are usually related to functions in living systems, a relationship that cannot be deduced by feature selection and classification alone. Therefore, the graph-based feature-selection approach combined with rule mining is a suitable way of selecting and finding associations between features in high-dimensional RNAseq data.

Medical imaging is crucial for disease diagnosis, but noise in CT and MRI scans can obscure critical details, making accurate diagnosis challenging. Traditional denoising methods and deep learning techniques often produce overly smooth images that lack vital diagnostic information. GAN-based approaches also struggle to balance noise removal and content preservation. Existing research has not explored tumor detection after image denoising; instead, it has concentrated on content and noise learning. To address these challenges, this study proposes the Adversarial Content–Noise Complementary Learning (ACNCL) model, which enhances image denoising and tumor detection. Unlike conventional methods focusing solely on content or noise learning, ACNCL simultaneously learns both through dual predictors, ensuring the complementary reconstruction of high-quality images. The model integrates multiple denoising techniques (DnCNN, U-Net, DenseNet, CA-AGF, and DWT) within a GAN framework, using PatchGAN as a local discriminator to preserve fine image textures. The ACNCL separates anatomical details and noise into distinct pathways, ensuring stable noise reduction while maintaining structural integrity. Evaluated on CT and MRI datasets, ACNCL demonstrated exceptional performance compared to traditional models both qualitatively and quantitatively. It exhibited strong generalization across datasets, improving medical image clarity and enabling earlier tumor detection. These findings highlight ACNCL’s potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and support improved clinical decision-making.