Background: This review investigates the impact of bioactive molecules produced by probiotics on child health, focusing on their roles in modulating gut microbiota, enhancing immune function, and supporting overall development. Key metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bacteriocins, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), vitamins, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are highlighted for their ability to maintain gut health, regulate inflammation, and support neurodevelopment. Objectives: The aim of this review is to examine the mechanisms of action and clinical evidence supporting the use of probiotics and postbiotics in pediatric healthcare, with a focus on promoting optimal growth, development, and overall health in children. Methods: The review synthesizes findings from clinical studies that investigate the effects of probiotics and their metabolites on pediatric health. The focus is on specific probiotics and their ability to influence gut health, immune responses, and developmental outcomes. Results: Clinical studies demonstrate that specific probiotics and their metabolites can reduce gastrointestinal disorders, enhance immune responses, and decrease the incidence of allergies and respiratory infections in pediatric populations. Additionally, postbiotics—bioactive compounds from probiotic fermentation—offer promising benefits, such as improved gut barrier function, reduced inflammation, and enhanced nutrient absorption, while presenting fewer safety concerns compared to live probiotics. Conclusions: By examining the mechanisms of action and clinical evidence, this review underscores the potential of integrating probiotics and postbiotics into pediatric healthcare strategies to promote optimal growth, development, and overall health in children.

This review investigates the impact of bioactive molecules produced by probiotics on child health, focusing on their roles in modulating gut microbiota, enhancing immune function, and supporting overall development. Key metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bacteriocins, exopolysaccharides (EPS), vitamins, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are highlighted for their ability to maintain gut health, regulate inflammation, and support neurodevelopment. Clinical studies demonstrate that specific probiotics and their metabolites can reduce gastrointestinal disorders, enhance immune responses, and decrease the incidence of allergies and respiratory infections in pediatric populations. Additionally, postbiotics—bioactive compounds from probiotic fermentation—offer promising benefits, such as improved gut barrier function, reduced inflammation, and enhanced nutrient absorption, while presenting fewer safety concerns compared to live probiotics. By examining the mechanisms of action and clinical evidence, this review underscores the potential of integrating probiotics and postbiotics into pediatric healthcare strategies to promote optimal growth, development, and overall health in children.

Purpose: Evaluate the comparative risk of hemolysis and acute kidney injury (AKI) with pulsed field ablation (PFA) versus thermal ablation (TA) for atrial fibrillation. Methods: Databases were searched through June 2025 for comparative studies reporting hemolysis markers or renal outcomes. Random‐effects models estimated risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs). Results: Eight studies ( n = 4307) were included. Compared with TA, PFA was not associated with a statistically significant increase in AKI (RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.5–7.9) or change in creatinine (MD 0.02 mg/dL, p = 0.10). PFA was associated with higher LDH (MD +72 U/L p < 0.001) and lower haptoglobin (MD −0.60 g/L p  < 0.001). Conclusions: PFA may be associated with greater biochemical hemolysis than TA; however, no statistically significant difference in AKI or post‐procedural creatinine was observed in pooled analyses.