Studying the resilience of metro stations in mountainous cities to heavy rain and flooding is of significant importance for enhancing the stability and safety of metro station operations. Considering the topographical and climatic characteristics of mountainous urban areas, this study analyzes the mechanisms through which heavy rain and flooding affect metro station resilience. Based on this analysis, 27 factors, influencing metro station resilience, are identified across 4 dimensions: absorptive capacity, resistance capacity, recovery capacity, and adaptive capacity. A water disaster resilience evaluation index system and corresponding rating standards are established for metro stations in mountainous cities. By combining the advantages of objective and subjective weighting, the combination weights of evaluation indicators are calculated using game theory. The extension theory is combined with the cloud model to establish a model for assessing the water disaster resilience of metro stations in mountainous urban areas. The applicability and feasibility of the model are validated through its implementation at Shapingba Station within Chongqing Rail Transit. The evaluation results obtained from the established model indicate a resilience level of IV for Shapingba metro station, reflecting a high level of resilience that aligns with real-world conditions. These findings further validate the proposed evaluation standards and the method for assessing the water disaster resilience of metro stations based on the combination weighting method and extension cloud model. This evaluation method considers the uncertainty in the evaluation process, demonstrating good feasibility and reliability. It offers a new perspective and methodology for assessing and analyzing the resilience of similar metro stations in mountainous cities.

The quantitative evaluation of urban water health (UWH) is a crucial decision-making process in water management. Healthy water not only encompasses excellent water quality and a diverse ecology but also has other characteristics, such as the amount of water resources, supply-use-drainage problems, flooding, water cycle, and so on. This study proposes a theoretical framework and an indicator system for UWH that integrates ecosystem health and water cycle health. Subsequently, considering the time scale and regional characteristics, an objective evaluation model that combined the real coding accelerated genetic algorithm (RAGA) method and the projection pursuit (PP) method was applied to calculate indicator weights and thresholds for the urban water health index (UWHI). UWHI standard thresholds were calculated as (0.04, 0.87], (0.87, 1.80], (1.80, 2.73], (2.73, 3.50], and (3.50, 4.01] corresponding to the categories of Sick, Unhealthy, Subhealthy, Healthy, and Excellent, respectively. Using Chongqing as a case study, the results showed that the UWHI increased from 1.796 to 2.668 in 2011–2020, and the health level improved from Unhealthy to Subhealthy, approaching Healthy. For each subsystem, the results indicated that the health status of the water cycle was superior to that of the water ecosystem. Finally, a detailed analysis of the changes in the indicators identified important factors affecting water health. The results of this study revealed that the main weaknesses in Chongqing were severe soil erosion, large domestic water use, high water consumption rates, and unsatisfactory water functional areas and indicated key priorities on the path to future water management.

Intensive anthropogenic disturbances have driven significant spatial disparities and progressive fragmentation of forest-based green infrastructure (GI) that delivers vital ecosystem services across river basins. To address these challenges, delineating ecological management zones and developing spatially targeted GI optimization measures are imperative for safeguarding regional ecological security and advancing nature-based solutions in coupled human–water–forest systems. Focused on the mainstream area of the Jialing River Basin, we establish an ecological optimization zoning system that reconciles forest ecosystem resilience with regional development equity. By using morphological spatial pattern analysis, landscape pattern analysis and the In-VEST model, the GI supply capacity was assessed from three dimensions: element composition, structural configuration, and ecosystem services. The demand intensity was evaluated based on environmental governance pressure, urban expansion demand and social development needs across counties. Supply–demand matching was analyzed using quadrant-based mismatch typology and coupling coordination degree model. The results reveal that the following: (1) supply-deficit counties are predominantly located in the middle and lower reaches of the basin, characterized by high urbanization and economic development; (2) supply-surplus and high-level balanced counties cluster in the ecologically conserved upper reaches; (3) low-level balanced counties are concentrated in agricultural zones; (4) the overall coordination degree of supply and demand show a preliminary state of coordination. Based on these findings, the basin was classified into five zones at the county level: GI restoration, management, rehabilitation, enhancement, and conservation. Tailored ecological management measures and policies were formulated for each zone to advance sustainable basin development.

Public spaces are fundamental spatial units within cities, serving as essential venues for residents’ daily activities and as resilient environments for responding to emergencies. They play a crucial role in enhancing urban resilience and promoting sustainable urban development. However, existing research predominantly focuses on objective spatial entities, often neglecting users’ behavioral and psychological perceptions. Studies that incorporate perceived resilience typically necessitate extensive, time-consuming, and costly fieldwork. To address these gaps, this study innovatively integrates space syntax into the Public Space Resilience (PSR) analytical framework, thereby bridging the subjective and objective dimensions of resilience in the evaluation process. A comprehensive resilience measurement framework is developed, linking ‘material entities’, ‘spatial perception (via space syntax)’, and ‘spatial resilience’. Using the Yuzhong Peninsula in Chongqing, China, as a case study, this research employs indicators such as integration, connectivity, and comprehensibility to quantitatively evaluate PSR. Based on the findings, this study also proposes strategies and recommendations to enhance PSR. The results contribute to both a practical measurement method and a theoretical framework for advancing PSR in urban planning and design.

Weekday commuting and weekend recreation are two mobility domains through which urban spatial structure shapes residents’ well-being and urban functioning, yet direct empirical evidence on how they are related remains limited. This study investigates how weekday commuting costs and weekend recreational mobility conditions are related within a jobs–housing–recreation spatial framework, using individual-level location-based services (LBS) data from the central urban area of Chongqing, China. Generalized additive models reveal a nonlinear and range-dependent commuting–recreation relationship. Distance-based and driving-time specifications provide the main evidence for a U-shaped relationship, whereas transit-time specifications do not clearly reproduce this pattern, reflecting short-distance cost overestimation and spatially shared public-transport constraints rather than realised mobility conditions. From a spatial-configuration perspective, this pattern suggests that work-related and recreational mobility conditions are unevenly combined across residential locations, rather than simply aligned or opposed. It also suggests that relatively favourable commuting and recreational mobility conditions can coexist within some residential contexts. Rather than establishing a universal rule, the Chongqing case provides a testable hypothesis that may be relevant to large cities with uneven and partially aligned employment, housing, transport, and recreational opportunities. The study provides an empirical entry point for integrated spatial-performance diagnosis and future evaluation of alternative jobs–housing–recreation configurations.