Cyclodextrins (CDs) have revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry with their ability to enhance the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of a wide range of active substances. These cyclic oligosaccharides, with a unique hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic cavity, form inclusion complexes with poorly soluble drugs, improving their pharmacokinetic profiles and therapeutic efficacy. This review explores the multifaceted roles of cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical formulations, ranging from oral, ophthalmic, parenteral, and topical applications to their emerging use in targeted therapies, gene delivery, and treatment of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. Cyclodextrins not only improve drug solubility and controlled release but also reduce toxicity and side effects, leading to safer and more effective treatments. Recent advancements, such as cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles, offer promising pathways for cancer therapy, chronic disease management, and personalized medicine. As research continues, cyclodextrins remain at the forefront of innovation in drug delivery systems, ensuring better patient outcomes and expanding the possibilities of modern therapeutics.

The current strategy for treating osteomyelitis includes surgical procedures for complete debridement of the formed biofilm and necrotic tissues, systemic and oral antibiotic therapy, and the clinical use of cements and three-dimensional scaffolds as bone defect fillers and delivery systems for therapeutic agents. The aim of our research was to formulate a low-cost hybrid nanoparticulate biomaterial using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), in which we incorporated the therapeutic agent (ciprofloxacin), and to deposit this material on titanium plates using the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The deposited material demonstrated antibacterial properties, with all analyzed samples inhibiting the growth of tested bacterial strains, confirming the release of active substances from the investigated biocomposite. The poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-ciprofloxacin (PLGA-CIP) nanoparticle scaffolds displayed a prolonged local sustained release profile over a period of 45 days, which shows great promise in bone infections. Furthermore, the burst release ensures a highly efficient concentration, followed by a constant sustained release which allows the drug to remain in the implant-adjacent area for an extended time period.

This review critically examines how cyclodextrins modulate regulated cell death pathways and the implications for immunometabolism and therapeutic translation. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that cyclodextrins exert intrinsic biological activity by modulating cellular lipid homeostasis, membrane organization, and intracellular trafficking. In recent years, these properties have positioned cyclodextrins as unexpected regulators of regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, with broad implications for immunometabolism and therapeutic innovation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which native and chemically modified cyclodextrins influence major forms of regulated cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis. Particular attention is given to cholesterol sequestration, lipid raft disruption, lysosomal cholesterol mobilization, and transcriptional reprogramming via pathways such as TFEB (transcription factor EB) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), which collectively shape cell fate decisions. We further examine how cyclodextrin-mediated modulation of RCD intersects with immune metabolism, especially macrophage polarization and inflammasome activity, thereby influencing inflammatory responses and disease progression. Translational implications are discussed across diverse pathological contexts, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, infectious diseases, and lysosomal storage disorders. Finally, emerging cyclodextrin-based delivery platforms, ranging from inclusion complexes to nanoparticles and polymeric systems, are evaluated with respect to their ability to achieve targeted modulation of cell death while minimizing off-target toxicity. Importantly, we critically discuss dose-dependent cytotoxicity, sterol depletion–related adverse effects, and formulation-dependent variability, which currently limit the clinical translation of cyclodextrin-mediated cell death modulation. By integrating mechanistic insights with pharmaceutical formulation strategies, this review delineates key challenges and opportunities for the rational design of cyclodextrin-based therapeutics. Overall, this review highlights cyclodextrins as bioactive modulators rather than inert carriers, underscoring their potential to inspire novel pharmacological strategies that integrate drug delivery, immunometabolism, and regulated cell death.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the most extensively investigated biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications, owing to its tunable degradation kinetics, established biocompatibility, and regulatory approval. In implantology, PLGA-based systems have emerged as versatile platforms for scaffolds, coatings, and localized drug delivery, aimed at enhancing osseointegration and tissue regeneration. This review provides a focused and up-to-date analysis of PLGA applications in dental and orthopedic implantology, with particular emphasis on advances reported over the past decade. Unlike previous reviews that predominantly address general drug delivery or broad tissue engineering applications, this work establishes a direct correlation between polymer composition (LA:GA ratio), processing strategies, and biological outcomes, including degradation behavior, mechanical performance, and host response. Special attention is given to multifunctional PLGA systems incorporating antibiotics, growth factors, and bioactive nanoparticles, highlighting their role in improving antibacterial efficacy and osteogenesis. Emerging technologies such as nanostructured composites, additive manufacturing, and stimuli-responsive delivery platforms are critically evaluated. Key limitations—including acidic degradation by-products, burst release kinetics, and translational barriers—are discussed in the context of clinical applicability. By integrating physicochemical design with biological performance and recent clinical trends (2024–2025), this review proposes a framework for the rational development of next-generation PLGA-based implant systems.

Background/Objectives: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare but significant hematologic disorder in children. While most pediatric ITP cases resolve spontaneously, some require intervention, and treatment responses with platelet recovery patterns can vary widely. We conducted a retrospective, three-year observational cohort study including 100 children (aged 5 months–17 years) diagnosed with ITP at a single tertiary center (January 2022–December 2024). The primary objective of this study was to characterize the clinical presentation, coexisting conditions, and short-term platelet response to first-line therapy in hospitalized children with newly diagnosed ITP. Methods: Clinical data (demographics, presentation, and laboratory results) were collected at admission and throughout hospitalization, and outcomes were assessed at discharge. Results: Our analysis showed a balanced urban–rural distribution overall; however, sex distribution differed by residence, with a slight female predominance in rural areas and an overwhelming male predominance in urban areas. Over 40% of patients were under 5 years old. Platelet counts at presentation ranged from 3 × 10⁹/L to 30 × 10⁹/L, yet nearly all children showed substantial platelet count recovery by hospital discharge under first-line therapy. Most patients had additional minor clinical findings at admission, but these were considered concurrent rather than causative factors, in accordance with current hematology guidelines. These conditions were considered coexisting clinical conditions or concurrent findings rather than definitive secondary causes of ITP, in accordance with established hematological guidelines. These findings reflect only short-term, in-hospital outcomes and may not be generalizable to all children with ITP, particularly milder or outpatient cases. Conclusions: Our three-year cohort study underscores that pediatric ITP often presents in very young children with concurrent conditions, but standard first-line treatment leads to robust platelet recovery by discharge. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive initial evaluation and supportive care in managing pediatric ITP.

Background/Objectives: Pediatric shock is a final common pathway of cardiovascular failure across diverse emergencies, yet data from mixed emergency cohorts outside intensive care units remain limited. This study aimed to describe the distribution, etiologic subtypes, and clinical correlates of shock in children presenting within a diagnosis-based emergency cohort. Methods: A retrospective single-centre study was conducted in children aged 0–16 years presenting with selected acute pediatric emergencies, among whom cases with and without shock were compared. Shock was defined using documented diagnoses and compatible hemodynamic features, and multiple etiologic types of shock were analyzed, including hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, and anaphylactic shock. Demographic and diagnostic variables—age, length of stay, organ support, age strata, and selected comorbidities—and baseline clinical features were compared between children with and without shock using non-parametric and χ²/Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Within the prespecified diagnosis-based analytic cohort, 36/128 children (28.1%) met the study criteria for shock and occurred across all prespecified acute pediatric emergency groups, with the highest proportional burden in heart failure and meningitis; this proportion should not be interpreted as an emergency-department prevalence estimate. Children with shock were younger, with clustering in infants < 1 year and those aged 5–9 years, and tended to stay longer in hospital. Pre-existing cardiac disease, severe dehydration, and altered mental status/coma were more frequent among children with shock. Septic and cardiogenic shock required the most intensive organ support. Conclusions: In this pediatric emergency cohort, shock emerged as a clinically relevant and etiologically heterogeneous complication across diverse acute presentations, with a distinct age-related vulnerability pattern and consistent associations with readily identifiable bedside clinical features. Simple bedside information—particularly cardiac comorbidity, dehydration, and altered consciousness—may assist the early recognition of children with evolving circulatory failure and support closer monitoring and timely escalation of care. By focusing on a mixed emergency population outside the intensive care unit, this study provides a real-world clinical perspective that may help refine early bedside assessment and improve vigilance for shock in pediatric emergency departments.