Background/Objectives: Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) are reported to have an increased risk of developing severe infections, leading to hospitalizations with sepsis. However, data regarding the impact of comorbid NAFLD on in-hospital outcomes of patients with sepsis is scarce. Methods: This nationwide retrospective observational study using discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality included 21,057,911 adult patients who were admitted to hospitals in the United States between 2000 and 2019 with a primary discharge diagnosis of sepsis. These patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of comorbid NAFLD. The twenty-year trend of nationwide NAFLD prevalence among sepsis inpatients was elucidated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyze NAFLD’s impact on sepsis outcomes. Results: In the twenty-year study period, the prevalence of NALFD among sepsis inpatients trended up from 1.2% in 2000 to 4.2% in 2019. Similar trends were observed in regional analysis. While overall sepsis mortality decreased, comorbid NAFLD in sepsis patients was consistently associated with a higher adjusted in-hospital all-cause mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.32), higher odds of developing septic shock, and higher likelihood of development of multi–organ dysfunction. Conclusions: Comorbid NAFLD in the stage of NASH or cirrhosis is associated with higher in-hospital all-cause mortality and worse clinical outcomes in sepsis inpatients. Addressing this rising epidemic will be of paramount importance to improve sepsis in-hospital outcomes.

Background It was reported that patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) were at increased risk of contracting severe infections requiring hospitalization which could end up with sepsis. However, data regarding the impact of comorbid NAFLD on the in-hospital outcomes of sepsis admission is scarce. Methods This nationwide retrospective observational study included 21,057,911 adult patients who were admitted into hospitals in the United States between 2000 and 2019 with a primary discharge diagnosis of sepsis. These patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of comorbid NAFLD. The twenty-year trend of nationwide NAFLD prevalence among sepsis inpatients was elucidated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze NAFLD's impact on in-hospital outcomes of sepsis. Results In the twenty-year study period, the prevalence of NALFD among sepsis inpatients trended up from 1.2% in 2000 to 4.2 % in 2019. While sepsis mortality had trended down, comorbid NAFLD in sepsis patients was consistently associated with a higher adjusted in-hospital all-cause mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.42-1.48), higher odds of developing septic shock, and multi-organ dysfunctions (including cardiovascular-, renal-, and hepatic dysfunction). They were more likely to be discharged to another acute hospital. The length of stay of sepsis patients with NAFLD who died in the hospital was significantly shorter than those without NAFLD. Conclusions Comorbid NAFLD is associated with higher in-hospital all-cause mortality and worse clinical outcomes in sepsis inpatients. Addressing this rising epidemic will be of paramount importance to improve sepsis in-hospital outcomes.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has surged as a major cause of liver transplants in the United States. Existing studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the association between liver characteristics (specifically steatosis and fibrosis) and mortality. This study investigates the relationship between the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) via vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and all-cause mortality in MASLD patients. Methods: Using the NHANES 2017-2018 database, 3821 individuals representing the United States population with MASLD underwent VCTE for liver stiffness measurement. Exclusion criteria were applied, eliminating ineligible cases, incomplete examinations, underage individuals, and those with hepatitis B or C, along with significant alcohol consumption history. Cox proportional hazard models assessed the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in CAP and LSM. Cox regression analysis with interaction terms was employed for deeper exploration. Results: The study unveiled a strong, independent correlation between LSM and all-cause mortality. However, the CAP failed to demonstrate a significant association with mortality in both univariate and adjusted analyses, contrary to recent findings. The analysis underscores the importance of accurately measuring liver stiffness via VCTE in predicting adverse outcomes in MASLD patients, emphasizing the pivotal role of fibrosis in assessing mortality risk. Conclusion: This study reaffirms the robust link between liver fibrosis (measured through VCTE) and mortality among MASLD individuals. The absence of a significant association between steatosis (indicated by CAP) and mortality challenges recent research, urging further comprehensive investigations with larger cohorts to delineate steatosis’ precise impact on MASLD-related mortality.