Статья посвящена проблеме актуальной для регионов, производящих зерно в неблагоприятных природно-климатических условиях – обеспечению зерном потребителей и отрасли экономики в условиях трансформации мирового продовольственного рынка. Сибирь - крупнейший производитель зерна в Российской Федерации. Ежегодно в регионе производится более 14 млн тонн зерна. В свою очередь, по расчетам ученых Сибирского федерального научного центра агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук (СФНЦА РАН), к 2025 году объем производства зерна в Сибири может составить 19,7 млн тонн. Целью авторского исследования является определение особенностей формирования и развития производства и сбыта зерна в Сибири и разработке организационно-экономического механизма по их регулированию. Используемый подход к формированию и развитию производства и сбыта зерна учитывает взаимодействия производителей, особенности регионов Сибири и основывается на конкретные направления развития зернового рынка. В статье отражены результаты исследования, включающего анализ природно-климатических условий Сибири, оценку производства и сбыта зерна, выявления специфических особенностей производства в регионе, выявления основных проблем производства и сбыта. Анализ производства и рынка зерна позволил установить, что в регионах Сибири имеют место диспропорции между объемами производства зерна и его спросом со стороны пищевой промышленности, животноводства и промышленной переработки. Анализ тенденций и закономерностей развития зернового комплекса Сибири позволяет сделать вывод о возможности его динамичного развития на качественно новом уровне. Для этого нами разработан организационно-экономический механизм регулирования производства и сбыта зерна. Только комплексный подход к регулированию производства при активном участии государства будет способствовать увеличению объемов зерна на рынке.

The article proposes a methodology for estimating transaction costs in the grain sub-complex. Their classification has been supplemented in terms of expanding the component cost items by type, which allows a more objective assessment of their level. The regularities of the formation of transaction costs in the grain subcomplex are determined, and the dependence of their size on the scale of activity and location of the organization is substantiated. It has been established that transaction costs in the grain subcomplex are quite high and account for 19-32 % of all costs. They arise in connection with ensuring coordination between market actors and resolving distributive conflicts. It is proved that the level of transaction costs is influenced by the scale of production, the location of the enterprise relative to infrastructure facilities and the level of its development.

Sustainable development is one of the main directions of modern agriculture. First of all, sustainability in the agricultural sector can be achieved through the possible abandonment of traditional mineral fertilizers. Many decades of using these fertilizers have led to the degradation of arable soils and to soil and environmental pollution. As a result, this causes reductions in yields and the environmental quality of agricultural products and affects the health of the population. An alternative to traditional mineral fertilizers may be the use of innovative organomineral fertilizers obtained from local resources. These include manure, humus, compost, sediments, etc. In recent years, fertilizers obtained from the sapropels of the bottom sediments of lakes have become widespread. Their distinctive feature is the environmental friendliness and completeness of the content of chemical elements and substances necessary for the development and growth of plants. In addition, the methods of obtaining and applying these fertilizers allow us to talk about their effectiveness in use. The range of applications of these fertilizers is diverse, from use in the form of a dry extract applied directly to the soil to the use of liquid suspensions used at various stages of processing and from pre-sowing seed treatment to watering and spraying plants at different periods of vegetation. Moreover, an important aspect is the research work on the variational use of sapropel fertilizers on different crops, with different methods of production and concentrations and at different stages of processing. This publication contains the results of a study of the effect of the obtained innovative sapropel fertilizer on productivity, wheat grain quality, and economic efficiency (Triticum aestivum L.). To identify the optimal concentration of sapropel extract, laboratory studies were carried out to determine the germination energy and germination of wheat seeds of different varieties when they were soaked in various concentrations: 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 g/L. The best indicators of germination energy and germination of wheat seeds during treatment with the extract were obtained at a concentration of 1.2 g/L. The research was conducted at an accredited variety testing laboratory. A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the agrobiological station of North Kazakhstan University named after Manash Kozybayev. The treatment of the seeds was carried out by soaking them in sapropel extract to evenly distribute the substance. The scheme of the field experiment included the option of using foliar treatment with a solution of sapropel extract at the tillering stage. As a result of the application of the obtained extract in the field, environmental and socio-economic efficiency was noted. The conducted field studies note its positive effect and effectiveness on the morphological, qualitative, and quantitative indicators of the wheat harvest. In the areas where wheat seeds were pretreated, as well as where foliar treatment with the resulting sapropel suspension was carried out, the best yield indicators were revealed. In these variants of the experiment with pre-sowing and pre-sowing and foliar treatment with the sapropel extract solution, the yield was 3.63 and 3.81 tons per hectare, respectively. The introduction of sapropel extract at the stage of seed treatment before sowing, as well as foliar processing of wheat at the tillering stage, will increase the efficiency and profitability of the agricultural industry and obtain a synergistic effect in the form of socio-economic efficiency and environmental safety of production. In our opinion, this will contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture and the production of environmental products.

The goal is to develop scientific approaches to assessing transaction costs in the grain sub-complex. Methods - monographic-when analyzing the theoretical aspects of identifying additional sources of costs, economic-statistical-to identify patterns of changes in the level of costs when carrying out transactions along the entire sales chain, abstract-logical – monitoring of operating costs and establishing criteria for the effectiveness of their management, expert – for collecting and evaluating data on costs and problem-oriented analysis of existing interactions in grain subcomplex between entities; conjunctural – for studying the development trend of grain subcomplex and account of external factors that determine the level of transaction costs, for a comprehensive assessment – when considering the indicators of the cost component of the market infrastructure in the interests of achieving measurement accuracy. Results - in the context of digital transformation, the scientific principles of institutional costs in the grain sector are justified. Conclusions - the main problems of grain farming, contributing to the growth of the component of the transactional output, were indicated, their classification was proposed for the possibility of formulating the specifics of the grain direction of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. The structure is dominated by costs in the form of lost income, the financial condition of commodity producers depends on the supply, price, transaction costs, it is necessary to ensure their optimization. The scientific methodology can be used in the educational process, in the training of students, undergraduates and postgraduates. The practical significance of the study is to ensure the economic efficiency of production and commercial activities of economic entities of the grain sub-complex, planning, accounting, which contributes to increasing the competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets and strengthening the image of the region. The adoption of effective measures is relevant during the expansion of trade borders with foreign countries, globalization of the economy.

In the context of global economic changes and the need to transition to sustainable development of the agricultural sector, human capital management is becoming a key factor in improving the efficiency and competitiveness of agriculture. The result of the study was an assessment of the human capital management system in the agricultural ecosystem of the Republic of Tatarstan. The authors have identified the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and risks of the current human capital management system of the Republic of Tatarstan. The article presents the main directions of improving the human capital management system - the introduction of new technologies and digital solutions in agricultural production; the development of education, infrastructure of life in rural settlements, cooperation between the state, science, education and agricultural enterprises; the use of rural opportunities of nearby industrial centers, the formation of programs to attract labor capital from nearby regions. The application of the proposed recommendations will ensure the improvement of working conditions and increase the social sustainability of the agricultural ecosystem of the Republic of Tatarstan.