Calendula officinalis Linn, known as pot marigold, is a plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. Various online bibliographic databases namely, Google scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, and Web of Science were used for integrating information. Calendula officinalis is extensively used in Homoeopathic, Unani, and Ayurvedic system of medication as diaphoretic, analgesic, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory agents and used to treat gynaecological issues, gastro-intestinal disorders, inflammations of oral and pharyangeal mucosa, eye problems, skin injuries and certain burns, poor eyesight, and menstrual irregularities. Several studies have shown that Calendula officinalis is a major source of diverse classes of bioactive compounds namely terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, and carotenoids. Various in vivo and in vitro assessment of Calendula officinalis's pharmacological activity suggest that the plant has antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anticancer, and gastroprotective activity. This review compiles the information about pharmacological activities, traditional medicinal uses, and phytochemicals present in Calendula officinalis.

To evaluate the extent to which pharmacies in Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City, Nepal adhere to the recommended practices outlined in the good pharmacy practice guidelines formulated by International Pharmaceutical Federation and draft developed by Nepal Pharmacy Council. Good Pharmacy Practice evaluates the safety, effectiveness, availability, and accessibility of medicines, ensuring their correct usage which is essential component of community pharmacies. Data was collected by visiting community pharmacies throughout Hetauda sub-metropolitan city. The questionnaire includes 38 questions under 9 sections: premises, personnel, quality policy, services, documentation, procurement, storage, prescription handling, and dispensing. Frequencies and percentages were used to represent all categorical variables, while mean ± standard deviation (SD) was used to represent continuous variables. To determine relationships between categorical data, the Pearson Chi-square test (χ²) was utilized with a significance level set at P < .05. Using SPSS Version 23, the quantitative data were analyzed. The findings indicated an overall compliance rate of 56.21% with the GPP indicators. The lowest adherence was observed in relation to the quality policy (11.02%), whereas the highest was obtained on the procurement process (86.6%). With regard to the qualifications of the pharmacy in charge, only 16.3% of the pharmacies had a pharmacist holding a bachelor’s degree, while 32.6% employed an assistant pharmacist with a diploma degree. A significant association was found between the qualification of pharmacy in charge with availability of computer ( P = .010), safe and effective procurement ( P = .036), keeping narcotics drugs in lock and key system ( P = .002) and maintaining records of narcotics ( P = .020). Our findings reveal that community pharmacists in Hetauda Sub-metropolitan city, Nepal do not meet the standards set by International Pharmaceutical Federation and the Good Pharmacy Practice guidelines formulated by the Nepal Pharmacy Council.

Pharmacists are essential for developing pharmacotherapy plans, conducting clinical assessments, and overseeing drug monitoring. Their interventions help prevent medication errors and adverse drug events and enhance medication safety. This study aimed to systematically review pharmacist-led interventions for managing medication-related issues in patients receiving anti-ulcer treatments. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to explore four databases for studies published from 1904 up to June 2024. Nine studies were reviewed, including four retrospective, three case-control, one mixed-method, and one prospective pre-post study involving 34,099 participants. The average age of the patients was 61 years, and 50.23% were male. The study quality was high, with an average score of 6.22/7 on the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. All studies involved direct interactions between pharmacists and patients or physicians, and data were primarily collected from hospital electronic records. Pooled analysis demonstrated that pharmacist interventions significantly improved the rational use of anti-ulcer medications (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 0.97 to 20.80; I² = 89%, P = 0.05), as reported by studies. Pharmacist interventions have a significant impact on improving rational drug use, reducing costs and treatment duration, and enhancing appropriate medication use. These interventions also positively influenced medication adherence and the correction of irrational drug use.

Background: Crateva unilocularis, Millettia extensa, and Plumbago zeylanica are commonly used traditional medicinal plants in Nepal for treating various skin ailments. Objectives: The ethanol extracts of these plants were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, and anti-tyrosinase activity. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to measure the total phenolic content, and the aluminum chloride method was used to assess flavonoid content.In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated via 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhyrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) assays. A mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay was employed to assess anti-tyrosinase activity. Molecular docking was performed using the tyrosinase enzyme (PDB ID: 2Y9X) for the five selected phytoconstituents of Millettia extensa. Results: The ethanolic extract of Millettia extensa leaves exhibited high concentrations of phenolic compound (273.85 ± 4.05 mg GAE/g dry extract weight) and flavonoids compound (1787.35 ± 0.22 mg QE/g dry extract weight). The roots of Plumbago zeylanica showed the highest levels of DPPH and NO radical-scavenging activities, with percentages of 95.83% and 43.83%, respectively. Similarly, the stem bark of Crateva unilocularis showed notable H₂O₂ radical scavenging activity (67.81%). Millettia extensa root bark demonstrated the most potent tyrosinase inhibition activity (99.31 ± 0.16), comparable to the standard drug Kojic acid (99.56 ± 0.08). Molecular docking corroborates the in vitro anti-tyrosinase activity, with isoauriculatin and auriculatin demonstrating the highest binding affinities of −9.9 and −9.7 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to Kojic acid (−5.6 kcal/mol). Conclusion: These findings highlight the significant tyrosinase inhibitory potential of Millettia extensa root bark, suggesting further exploration of its cosmetic application and safety evaluation.

Job satisfaction encompasses the degree to which an individual’s essential needs, including health, security, sustenance, affiliation, and esteem, are fulfilled through their occupation. Pharmacists play a vital role in healthcare by providing crucial services that address patients’ medication requirements and improve adherence. This study sought to evaluate job satisfaction and the factors influencing it among pharmacy professionals in Nepal. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2024 using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire to assess pharmacists’ job satisfaction. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25. The prevalence of job satisfaction was reported to be 42.3%. Statistically significant predictors after adjustment included a positive impact on time spent with patients/customers/students (aOR 0.409, P = .017), motivation to work (aOR 0.291, P = .003), and mental/emotional health (aOR 0.272, P = .003). Agreement that the organization has a significant meaning (aOR 0.235, P = .001) and that salary is appropriate (aOR 0.209, P = .001) also significantly influenced satisfaction. A willingness to choose the pharmacy profession again was associated with higher satisfaction (aOR 0.294, P = .014). The study revealed substantial job dissatisfaction among pharmacy professionals in Nepal, with only 35.2% reporting overall satisfaction. Addressing the primary factors that influence job satisfaction could enhance retention and stability in the pharmacy sector. Healthcare institutions and policymakers must prioritize the creation of a supportive work environment that meets the expectations and requirements of this critical workforce.

Crinum amoenum Roxb. ex Ker Gawl. (C. amoenum) is traditionally used in Nepal, but its antidiabetic potential remains insufficiently validated. This study characterized the 80% (v/v) ethanol bulb extract of C. amoenum and evaluated its antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory, hypoglycemic, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and ADMET profiles. The ethanolic bulb extract was evaluated through phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) estimation, LC-MS analysis, antioxidant assays, α-amylase inhibition assays, acute toxicity testing, and hypoglycemic/oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) studies in Wistar rats. Lycorine, pratorinine, and palmatine were docked against α-amylase (PDB ID: 5U3A) and GLP-1R (PDB ID: 6GB1), followed by 200 ns MD simulations and ADMET prediction. Qualitative analysis of the extract was positive for flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and carbohydrates, and a positive Salkowski reaction indicated the presence of constituents occurring in glycosidic form. The TPC was 173.38 ± 1.22 mg GAE/g, and the TFC was 314.58 ± 0.09 mg QE/g. LC-MS tentatively annotated lycorine, pratorinine, and palmatine based on retention time, m/z values in positive-mode electrospray ionization, and comparison with previously reported spectral information. The extract showed DPPH scavenging activity (IC₅₀: 90.98 μg/mL) and strong α-amylase inhibition (IC₅₀: 49.31 μg/mL) compared with acarbose (IC₅₀: 51.51 μg/mL). No deaths were observed following oral administration at 5000 mg/kg to rats. The 500 mg/kg dose produced the greatest hypoglycemic response, reducing blood glucose by 35.78% at 120 min in non-diabetic Wistar rats and by 19.21% at 60 min in glucose-loaded rats. Among all the compounds tested, pratorinine demonstrated the highest docking affinity with α-amylase (−8.2 kcal/mol; ASP300) and GLP-1R (−7.0 kcal/mol; GLY132). MD simulation supported greater stability of the α-amylase complex, and ADMET prediction identified pratorinine as a comparatively favorable predicted lead candidate (LD₅₀: 1000 mg/kg; Class 4 toxicity category). Pratorinine was identified as the most promising in silico antidiabetic candidate from the C. amoenum extract, primarily due to stable α-amylase interactions and favorable ADMET properties.