Social media (SM) is one of the most powerful tools of communication and learning in the recent era. Different types of information can be shared through these social networking sites in the form of texts, videos, pictures, audios, and references (contacts). Due to the constant increase in the use of these social networking sites in our daily routine life especially during the COVID 19 pandemic, their use in teaching and learning has become inevitable. Social media has immense potential to enhance its role in educational settings. Both the students and educators use it for communication, education, sharing and expressing knowledge, and recreation. Therefore, the present study aims to find out the most frequently used social network sites for learning and easy communication between medical students and educators. This study sought to explore the most frequently used social networking sites by the medical students and educators at Batterjee Medical College. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the trends of usage of SM as an extracurricular way of enhancing learning and teaching experience among medical students and educators in Batterjee Medical College; Saudi Arabia from November 2020 to March 2021. A pre-validated self-administrated questionnaire was built using Google Drive forms and distributed to medical students and educators via emails and WhatsApp. Convenient sampling was used to collect the data. Social media has immense potential to enhance its role in educational settings. Students in our study preferred YouTube and WhatsApp for their learning and communication especially, during COVID 19 pandemic. However, to further enhance their utility choosing the right platform, the amount and quality of the information shared to ensure optimal benefit, providing ethical guides, and professional standards for SM use at institutional levels are the few challenges that need to address.

Background and Aim: Efficient mosquito vectors are required to persist and propagate arthropod-borne diseases that seriously affect impoverished populations worldwide. Mosquito sensilla plays a crucial role in host-seeking and disease transmission to humans. This study aimed to distinguish between the several types of sensilla found on the antennae and maxillary palps of Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti, matching this diversity with host preference and disease transmission. Materials and Methods: Overall, 1300 mosquitoes were collected and examined using dissection and light microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to identify and describe the diverse types of sensilla found on the antennae and maxillary palps of C. pipiens and A. aegypti. Results: In total, 900 C. pipiens and 400 A. aegypti mosquitoes were identified. The antennae and maxillary palps of C. pipiens and A. aegypti carry both sensilla trichoidea and sensilla chaetica. The C. pipiens antenna has long and short grooved peg sensilla, whereas A. aegypti lacks long pegs and expresses only occasional short pegs. The maxillary palps express Capitate pegs in both mosquito species and exclusively show sensilla campaniform in A. aegypti. Conclusion: The lack of long-grooved pegs and the presence of few short pegs, along with campaniform sensilla, limit the host range of A. aegypti and reduce its susceptibility to many infections, unlike C. pipiens. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens, Scanning electron microscopy, Sensilla.

The advancement in the field of transplant has led to the increasing number of solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs). This success leads to novel confronts in communicable infections, which are compound by the emergence of newly contagious and antimicrobial drugs resistant microorganisms. The prevention of infections is a cornerstone of any modern solid organ transplantation program. Understanding the fundamentals of these infections with early detection is crucial for improving the outcomes of such patients and lowers the probable extra complications. The probability of critical infections in SOTRs is established by relations between the patient’s epidemiological exposures and the net condition of immune repression. A timeline was formed to build up a discrepancy diagnosis of infection in SORTs. The improvement in screening, the investigations including imaging and molecular techniques and prophylactic intervention protocols, has made it promising to limit the penalty of infections and act towards better patient endurance. Pre-transplant screening of the prospective organ donor and recipient provides a chance to evaluate the viability and wellbeing of transplantation, to decide the prophylaxis and protective approaches developed post-transplant, to find out and entirely treat active infection in the possible recipient proceeding to transplant, to renovate the vaccination condition of the potential recipient.

Malaria is a life‐threatening disease caused by Plasmodium , transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Despite global efforts, malaria remains a major health burden in developing countries. In Tanzania, cultural beliefs and misconceptions often delay treatment, especially in rural areas. This article aims to evaluate the level of malaria knowledge among the Tanzanian population and identify demographic factors associated with disparities in awareness. This cross‐sectional study used secondary data from the 2021–2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey, analyzing responses from 18,747 individuals aged 15 years and older. Data on malaria‐related knowledge, attitudes, and practices were collected through standardized questionnaires. Malaria knowledge varied significantly by age, gender, education, and location ( p < 0.05). Awareness was highest among individuals aged 20–24 and lowest among those over 50. Urban residents had greater knowledge than their rural counterparts. Education was strongly linked to awareness, with those having secondary or higher education scoring better. Male‐headed households showed slightly higher knowledge levels. Media exposure and mobile phone ownership were also associated with increased malaria awareness. Bridging knowledge gaps through targeted education, digital tools, and improved rural health infrastructure is essential for effective malaria control in Tanzania.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most frequent and costly postoperative complications, contributing to increased morbidity, extended hospitalization, and healthcare burden. Although guidelines support single‐dose antibiotic prophylaxis for most surgeries, multi‐dose regimens remain widely used in clinical practice, especially in high‐risk procedures. This review aimed to compare the effectiveness of single‐dose versus multiple‐dose prophylactic antibiotic regimens in preventing postoperative infections. Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched up to February 2025. Studies involving human participants undergoing surgery, comparing single‐ and multiple‐dose antibiotic prophylaxis with infection‐related outcomes, were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 and MINORS tools. Meta‐analyses were performed using random‐effects models. Results: Forty‐seven studies encompassing various surgical disciplines and patient populations were included. No statistically significant difference in SSI rates was observed between single‐ and multiple‐dose groups (OR: 1.10 [95% CI: 0.87–1.39], p = 0.43). Similarly, no differences were detected for other postoperative infections, mortality, or readmissions. Heterogeneity was moderate to high across analyses. Most studies reported comparable infection outcomes despite differences in antibiotic type, follow‐up duration, and surgical setting. Conclusion: Single‐dose antibiotic prophylaxis is as effective as multiple‐dose regimens in reducing postoperative infections in most surgical contexts. These findings support current recommendations favoring single‐dose administration and reinforce antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Extended prophylaxis should be reserved for selected high‐risk cases rather than routine use.