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Prof. Dr. Krzysztof WACH
Cracow University of Economics

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Entrepreneurship
0 Entrepreneurship Education
0 International Business
0 International Marketing
0 Entrepreneurial Orientation

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Short Biography

He studied international economics at Cracow University of Economics where he received his MA in foreign trade (2001), PhD in management (2006) and PhD with Habilitation in economics (2013) degrees. In 2020 he was awarded the academic title of professor by the President of the Republic of Poland. His academic interests include international entrepreneurship, international business, European integration, entrepreneurship and innovation, entrepreneurship education.

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Project

Project Goal: https://digi4teach.net.efzg.hr/about

Starting Date:01 November 2020

Current Stage: in progress up to 30/04/2022

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Project

Project Goal: https://bizmooc.eu/

Starting Date:01 January 2016

Current Stage: realized in years 2016-2019

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Project

Project Goal: 2013/11/B/HS4/02135

Starting Date:16 July 2014

Current Stage: realized in years 2014-2018

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Project

Project Goal: 2012/07/B/HS4/00701

Starting Date:17 July 2013

Current Stage: realized in years 2013-2018

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Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Oeconomia Copernicana
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Research background: The theoretical basis of the study derives from the assumptions of international entrepreneurship combining theories of entrepreneurship and theories of international business. The identification of entrepreneurship determinants and attributes was based on the economic, socio ? cultural, as well as psychological approach to entrepreneurship. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to verify how demographic and basic traits of an entrepreneur affect the pace of the internationalization of firms from Poland. Methods: The study was based on CATI method. The article uses data collected on the basis of a study conducted on a sample of 355 companies from Poland. The research methods applied are a critical analysis of prior research, which allowed to identify the research gap and develop research hypotheses. In the empirical part, statistical methods were applied, including descriptive statistics and multidimensional regression. Findings & value added: The logistic regression estimation allows to confirm three hypotheses. With the age of the entrepreneur, the pace of internationalization of the firm increases. The pace of internationalization of the firm increases with the level of education of the entrepreneur. The fact that an entrepreneur belongs to a national minority increases the pace of the internationalization of the firm. Results of two-sample t-test confirm that firms whose entrepreneurs have higher entrepreneurial competences internationalize faster and earlier. The added value of the article is the combination of socio-demographic and psycho-cognitive characteristics of the entrepreneur with internationalisation. Applying this approach to a sample of firms from Poland (CEE market) contributes to research on international entrepreneurship in a thematic and geographical sense. The results of the study are of an applied nature. They can be addressed to many recipients: entrepreneurs, policymakers, educators, entities responsible for shaping and promoting entrepreneurship on both the micro and macro levels.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska. How do demographics and basic traits of an entrepreneur impact the internationalization of firms? Oeconomia Copernicana 2021, 12, 399 -424.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Wach, Agnieszka Głodowska. How do demographics and basic traits of an entrepreneur impact the internationalization of firms? Oeconomia Copernicana. 2021; 12 (2):399-424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska. 2021. "How do demographics and basic traits of an entrepreneur impact the internationalization of firms?" Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 2: 399-424.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2021 in Energies
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Energy issues are sensitive for the four Visegrad countries as European Union (EU) member states; thus, this area’s convergence might be problematic for these countries. There is a clear research gap concerning the processes of Europeanization of the energy policy in the Visegrad countries. This article aims to identify and evaluate the progress of four Visegrad countries (V4) in implementing the EU energy goals in the context of the Europeanization. The article uses three main methods: Hellwig’s method, Kendall’s rank concordance coefficient, and k-means clustering. These calculations will allow one to study the Europeanization processes, which means checking the gamma convergence. For calculations, we use the available statistical data from Eurostat for the years 2005–2018. Poland and other Central European countries, including Czechia, and Hungary, largely depend on coal for their energy needs. The empirical results have shown that there have been no significant changes in the classification of EU countries in terms of their fulfillment of the EU climate and energy targets in the analyzed period. This is the case in all EU member states, including the Visegrad Group countries, but except for Poland. This means that the level of Europeanization of the energy policy and its effectiveness is similar in all member states except for Poland, which is becoming a kind of the exception. Throughout the investigating period, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia were close to meeting the set targets and could be rated high compared to the EU countries. Poland, especially since 2015, has been noticeably and increasingly distanced from the other V4 countries. It can be perceived as a gradual drift away from Europeanization of the EU climate and energy policy in Poland.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski; Marek Sieja. Europeanization Processes of the EU Energy Policy in Visegrad Countries in the Years 2005–2018. Energies 2021, 14, 1802 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Wach, Agnieszka Głodowska, Marek Maciejewski, Marek Sieja. Europeanization Processes of the EU Energy Policy in Visegrad Countries in the Years 2005–2018. Energies. 2021; 14 (7):1802.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski; Marek Sieja. 2021. "Europeanization Processes of the EU Energy Policy in Visegrad Countries in the Years 2005–2018." Energies 14, no. 7: 1802.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in International Entrepreneurship Review
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ACS Style

Krzysztof Wach. The evolution of the Uppsala model: Towards non-linearity of internationalization of firms. International Entrepreneurship Review 2021, 7, 7 -19.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Wach. The evolution of the Uppsala model: Towards non-linearity of internationalization of firms. International Entrepreneurship Review. 2021; 7 (2):7-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Wach. 2021. "The evolution of the Uppsala model: Towards non-linearity of internationalization of firms." International Entrepreneurship Review 7, no. 2: 7-19.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2020 in Technological and Economic Development of Economy
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth and productivity in sectors of the Visegrad Group one decade after their accession to the EU. In order to account for sample heterogeneity, as well as productivity differences, we construct a generalized true random-effects model with varying efficiency distribution. We find that FDI has a positive impact on the Visegrad Group’s sectors and that its effectiveness depends upon the technological gap between the host and home economy. There are three sources of this positive impact: (i) sectoral output and labour productivity growth, (ii) more effective use of input factors, and via (iii) higher efficiency component of the total factor productivity (TFP). These sources form a three-way transmission mechanism through which FDI can impact economic growth conditioned upon FDI effectiveness due to the technological gap.

ACS Style

Kamil Makieła; Liwiusz Wojciechowski; Krzysztof Wach. EFFECTIVENESS OF FDI, TECHNOLOGICAL GAP AND SECTORAL LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP. Technological and Economic Development of Economy 2020, 27, 149 -174.

AMA Style

Kamil Makieła, Liwiusz Wojciechowski, Krzysztof Wach. EFFECTIVENESS OF FDI, TECHNOLOGICAL GAP AND SECTORAL LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP. Technological and Economic Development of Economy. 2020; 27 (1):149-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamil Makieła; Liwiusz Wojciechowski; Krzysztof Wach. 2020. "EFFECTIVENESS OF FDI, TECHNOLOGICAL GAP AND SECTORAL LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 27, no. 1: 149-174.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Journal of Vocational Behavior
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This study investigates the link between perceived public support for entrepreneurship and individuals' entrepreneurial intention. Using samples from the US and Poland, we show that positive perception of public support is indirectly related to entrepreneurial intentions of university students. This takes place through relationships with personal attitude to entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and risk attitudes. Such links are explained by the reciprocity theory wherein individuals' attitudes and beliefs are associated with a feeling of mutuality toward the supportive actions of society. From a cross-national perspective, we find that while perceived public support exhibits similar relationships across Poland and the US, attitude to risk has a greater positive association with entrepreneurial intentions among US students. These findings hold important implications for theory and practice.

ACS Style

Witold Nowiński; Mohamed Yacine Haddoud; Krzysztof Wach; Renata Schaefer. Perceived public support and entrepreneurship attitudes: A little reciprocity can go a long way! Journal of Vocational Behavior 2020, 121, 103474 .

AMA Style

Witold Nowiński, Mohamed Yacine Haddoud, Krzysztof Wach, Renata Schaefer. Perceived public support and entrepreneurship attitudes: A little reciprocity can go a long way! Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2020; 121 ():103474.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Witold Nowiński; Mohamed Yacine Haddoud; Krzysztof Wach; Renata Schaefer. 2020. "Perceived public support and entrepreneurship attitudes: A little reciprocity can go a long way!" Journal of Vocational Behavior 121, no. : 103474.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
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ACS Style

Krzysztof Wach. A Typology of Small Business Growth Modelling: A Critical Literature Review. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 2020, 8, 159 -184.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Wach. A Typology of Small Business Growth Modelling: A Critical Literature Review. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review. 2020; 8 (1):159-184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Wach. 2020. "A Typology of Small Business Growth Modelling: A Critical Literature Review." Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 8, no. 1: 159-184.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2019 in Central European Management Journal
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ACS Style

Agnieszka Głodowska; Bożena Pera; Krzysztof Wach. International Strategy as the Facilitator of the Speed, Scope, and Scale of Firms’ Internationalization. Central European Management Journal 2019, 27, 55 -84.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Głodowska, Bożena Pera, Krzysztof Wach. International Strategy as the Facilitator of the Speed, Scope, and Scale of Firms’ Internationalization. Central European Management Journal. 2019; 27 (3):55-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Głodowska; Bożena Pera; Krzysztof Wach. 2019. "International Strategy as the Facilitator of the Speed, Scope, and Scale of Firms’ Internationalization." Central European Management Journal 27, no. 3: 55-84.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2019 in Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society
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Orientacja przedsiębiorcza i wiedza to jedne z ważniejszych zagadnień omawianych w ramach badań nad umiędzynarodowieniem. Współcześnie problemy te systematycznie rozpatrywane są w ramach badań nad przedsiębiorczością międzynarodową. W niniejszym artykule łączy się te dwie kwestie, aby zweryfikować zależności pomiędzy orientacją przedsiębiorczą a wykorzystaniem wiedzy w procesie umiędzynarodowienia na przykładzie polskich firm. Metody badawcze zastosowane w pracy to: analiza i synteza literatury przedmiotu, metody statystyczne, ankietyzacja na próbie 355 przedsiębiorstw z Polski. Badania empiryczne potwierdziły, że orientacja przedsiębiorcza silnie oddziałuje na wykorzystanie wiedzy w procesie internacjonalizacji. Firmy cechujące się wyższą orientacją przedsiębiorczą zdecydowanie intensywniej wykorzystują poszczególne rodzaje wiedzy na różnych etapach umiędzynarodowienia. Jak zweryfikowano, wiedza sieciowa jest bardziej eksplorowana zarówno w początkowej, jak i w dojrzałej internacjonalizacji. Wiedza przedsiębiorcza zaś – na etapie dojrzałej internacjonalizacji. Z kolei w czasie początkowej internacjonalizacji zdecydowanie bardziej eksplorowana jest wiedza rynkowa i socjokulturowa. Wartością dodaną artykułu i jednocześnie nowym spojrzeniem na prezentowany problem jest próba określenia roli wiedzy determinowanej orientacją przedsiębiorczą, i jej typów, w procesie umiędzynarodowienia. Tym samym opracowanie jest próbą wypełnienia luki badawczej w tym obszarze.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski; Krzysztof Wach. Oddziaływanie orientacji przedsiębiorczej na wykorzystanie wiedzy w procesie umiędzynarodowienia na przykładzie przedsiębiorstw z Polski. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 2019, 33, 18 -35.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Głodowska, Marek Maciejewski, Krzysztof Wach. Oddziaływanie orientacji przedsiębiorczej na wykorzystanie wiedzy w procesie umiędzynarodowienia na przykładzie przedsiębiorstw z Polski. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society. 2019; 33 (1):18-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski; Krzysztof Wach. 2019. "Oddziaływanie orientacji przedsiębiorczej na wykorzystanie wiedzy w procesie umiędzynarodowienia na przykładzie przedsiębiorstw z Polski." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 33, no. 1: 18-35.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2019 in Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe
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ACS Style

Marek Maciejewski; Cracow University of Economics; Krzysztof Wach. International Startups from Poland: Born Global or Born Regional? Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 2019, 27, 60 -83.

AMA Style

Marek Maciejewski, Cracow University of Economics, Krzysztof Wach. International Startups from Poland: Born Global or Born Regional? Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe. 2019; 27 (1):60-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Maciejewski; Cracow University of Economics; Krzysztof Wach. 2019. "International Startups from Poland: Born Global or Born Regional?" Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 27, no. 1: 60-83.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in Journal of International Studies
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ACS Style

Marek Maciejewski; Krzysztof Wach. What determines export structure in the EU countries? The use of gravity model in international trade based on the panel data for the years 1995-2015. Journal of International Studies 2019, 12, 151 -167.

AMA Style

Marek Maciejewski, Krzysztof Wach. What determines export structure in the EU countries? The use of gravity model in international trade based on the panel data for the years 1995-2015. Journal of International Studies. 2019; 12 (1):151-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Maciejewski; Krzysztof Wach. 2019. "What determines export structure in the EU countries? The use of gravity model in international trade based on the panel data for the years 1995-2015." Journal of International Studies 12, no. 1: 151-167.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2019 in Fostering Entrepreneurial and Sales Competencies in Higher Education
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ACS Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska. The Role of University in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Younger Generations: Selected Models. Fostering Entrepreneurial and Sales Competencies in Higher Education 2019, 47 -65.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Wach, Agnieszka Głodowska. The Role of University in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Younger Generations: Selected Models. Fostering Entrepreneurial and Sales Competencies in Higher Education. 2019; ():47-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska. 2019. "The Role of University in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Younger Generations: Selected Models." Fostering Entrepreneurial and Sales Competencies in Higher Education , no. : 47-65.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
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ACS Style

Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski; Krzysztof Wach. How Entrepreneurial Orientation Stimulates Different Types of Knowledge in the Internationalisation Process of Firms from Poland? Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 2019, 7, 61 -73.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Głodowska, Marek Maciejewski, Krzysztof Wach. How Entrepreneurial Orientation Stimulates Different Types of Knowledge in the Internationalisation Process of Firms from Poland? Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review. 2019; 7 (1):61-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski; Krzysztof Wach. 2019. "How Entrepreneurial Orientation Stimulates Different Types of Knowledge in the Internationalisation Process of Firms from Poland?" Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 7, no. 1: 61-73.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
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ACS Style

Marek Sieja; Krzysztof Wach. The Use of Evolutionary Algorithms for Optimization in the Modern Entrepreneurial Economy: Interdisciplinary Perspective. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 2019, 7, 117 -130.

AMA Style

Marek Sieja, Krzysztof Wach. The Use of Evolutionary Algorithms for Optimization in the Modern Entrepreneurial Economy: Interdisciplinary Perspective. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review. 2019; 7 (4):117-130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Sieja; Krzysztof Wach. 2019. "The Use of Evolutionary Algorithms for Optimization in the Modern Entrepreneurial Economy: Interdisciplinary Perspective." Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 7, no. 4: 117-130.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2018 in Sustainability
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The aim of this article is to verify what the relations are between entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge utilization in the internationalization of Polish firms. The article distinguishes four types of knowledge: market knowledge, network knowledge, sociocultural knowledge, and entrepreneurial knowledge. The research uses quantitative design and is based on a survey conducted in 2015 on a sample of 355 businesses from Poland (the response rate was 10.7%), following which statistical techniques (t-tests and regression analyses) were applied to verify the hypotheses. An overview of prior studies enabled us to identify the research gap in the literature regarding the combination of three elements that link to form one picture of reality, namely, (i) entrepreneurial orientation and (ii) knowledge utilization in (iii) the internationalization process of firms. The case of Polish firms confirms that entrepreneurial orientation is substantial in the use of knowledge in the internationalization process. Firms characterized by higher entrepreneurial orientation use particular types of knowledge much more intensely at various stages of the internationalization process. Entrepreneurial orientation, and especially risk-taking, has significant positive effects on the scope of internationalization. Greater entrepreneurial orientation increases the number of foreign markets in which a given firm operates. Not only market knowledge in the traditional approach, but especially network and entrepreneurial knowledge have significant positive effects on the intensification of the internationalization scale.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski. Entrepreneurial Orientation, Knowledge Utilization and Internationalization of Firms. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4711 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Wach, Agnieszka Głodowska, Marek Maciejewski. Entrepreneurial Orientation, Knowledge Utilization and Internationalization of Firms. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4711.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Wach; Agnieszka Głodowska; Marek Maciejewski. 2018. "Entrepreneurial Orientation, Knowledge Utilization and Internationalization of Firms." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4711.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
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Objective: The article focuses on the role of ownership in the process of entrepreneurial internationalisation of the firm. The main objective of the article is to verify whether and how ownership impacts on the level of internationalisation.Research Design & Methods: The study elaborates on three dimensions of ownership, which are ownership structure (foreign vs. domestic), family ownership and the characteristics of the owner (age, sex, global mindset and knowledge – the last two measured on a 5-point Likert scale). The sample of 190 internationalised Polish businesses were used in order to verify the assumed hypotheses.Findings: The investigated firms operating in Poland of foreign ownership are more internationalised, measured by TNI, than those of domestic capital only. As a general rule, the investigated non-family firms are more internationalised than family firms as for the average TNI value. International attitude of the entrepreneur-owner affect the level of internationalisation: the higher values of attitude index, the higher values of TNI. Neither the age nor the sex of the entrepreneur affect the level of internationalisation.Implications & Recommendations: it is obvious that knowledge is one of the key factors affecting the internationalisation, especially market choices, entry modes as well as the speed of internationalisation. Although much has been done in this field, but it still needs further and deeper investigations.Contribution & Value Added: The current study and its findings indicate that ownership is one of key aspects relevant for explaining the internationalisation of firms, but its impact on firms’ international behaviour is somewhat equivocal.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Wach. Exploring the Role of Ownership in International Entrepreneurship: How does Ownership Affect Internationalisation of Polish Firms? Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 2017, 5, 205 -224.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Wach. Exploring the Role of Ownership in International Entrepreneurship: How does Ownership Affect Internationalisation of Polish Firms? Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review. 2017; 5 (4):205-224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Wach. 2017. "Exploring the Role of Ownership in International Entrepreneurship: How does Ownership Affect Internationalisation of Polish Firms?" Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 5, no. 4: 205-224.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2016 in Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja
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Przedsiębiorczość zaliczana jest do jednych z podstawowych czynników podnoszenia konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw i rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego układów przestrzennych. Z tego punktu widzenia istotne jest kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych młodych ludzi w procesie edukacyjnym i rożnych formach kształcenia pozaszkolnego oraz rozpoznanie poziomu ich intencji przedsiębiorczych związanych z planowaniem założenia i prowadzenia własnego biznesu. Celem artykułu jest próba określenia wpływu wybranych czynników na intencje przedsiębiorcze młodzieży na podstawie wyników badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród studentów kierunków nieekonomicznych przy wykorzystaniu teorii planowanego zachowania (theory of planned behaviour – TPB). Analiza wyników badań pozwoliła na weryfikację postawionych hipotez, czyli stwierdzenie m.in. prawidłowości, że wraz z pozytywnym wzrostem indywidualnej postawy względem prywatnej przedsiębiorczości i przedsiębiorców czy wzrostem poczucia własnej skuteczności przedsiębiorczej, zwiększają się intencje przedsiębiorcze badanych studentów. Podobnie na wzrost ten mają wpływ doświadczenia przedsiębiorczości rodzinnej. W konkluzjach wskazano na ograniczenia wnioskowania na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań empirycznych oraz możliwości rozszerzenia badań o nowe wątki badawcz

ACS Style

Tomasz Rachwał; Krzysztof Wach. Badanie intencji przedsiębiorczych młodego pokolenia: wyniki ankietyzacji wśród studentów kierunków nieekonomicznych. Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 2016, 12, 405 -415.

AMA Style

Tomasz Rachwał, Krzysztof Wach. Badanie intencji przedsiębiorczych młodego pokolenia: wyniki ankietyzacji wśród studentów kierunków nieekonomicznych. Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja. 2016; 12 ():405-415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomasz Rachwał; Krzysztof Wach. 2016. "Badanie intencji przedsiębiorczych młodego pokolenia: wyniki ankietyzacji wśród studentów kierunków nieekonomicznych." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 12, no. : 405-415.