Nanoplastics (NPs), an emerging class of environmental pollutants, are increasingly recognized for their potential to interfere with critical cellular processes. Autophagy, a conserved degradative pathway essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and adaptation to stress, has recently become a focal point of nanotoxicology research. This review synthesizes current evidence on the interactions between NPs and autophagic pathways across diverse biological systems. Findings indicate that NPs can trigger autophagy as an early cellular response; however, prolonged exposure may lead to autophagic dysfunction, contributing to impaired cell viability and disrupted signaling. Particular attention is given to the physiochemical properties of NPs such as size, surface charge, and polymer type, which influence cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking. We also highlight key mechanistic pathways, including oxidative stress and mTOR modulation. Notably, most available studies focus almost exclusively on polystyrene (PS)-based NPs, with limited data on other types of polymers, and several reports lack comprehensive assessment of autophagic flux or downstream effects. In conclusion, a better understanding of NP–autophagy crosstalk—particularly beyond PS—is crucial to evaluate the real toxic potential of NPs and guide future research in human health and nanotechnology.

Several studies have already demonstrated the biocompatibility of a tooth as a grafting material in the regeneration of bone tissue, showing its osteoconductive potential, while no studies have verified whether the osteoinductive potential of a tooth remains constant or is altered after its treatment with the Tooth Transformer (TT) device. The aim of the study was to demonstrate that the treatment with the TT device did not alter the osteoinductivity of an extracted tooth that was stored dry. Twelve extracted human teeth were collected from real patients. Caries, tartar and filling materials were removed from each tooth; each tooth was coarsely cut and stored at room temperature (RT) until use. Each sample was shredded, demineralized and disinfected, using the TT device. Protein extraction was carried out for each sample, and Western Blot analysis was performed to test the presence of mineralization protein LIM-1 and transforming growth factor-β. The presence of the human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) and human collagen Type I (COL-I) was found in dry tooth samples processed with the TT device and subjected to Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing. The treatment of chemical demineralization using the TT device does not alter the osteoinductive potential of a dry tooth.

The pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves complex mechanisms, including immune dysregulation, gut microbiota imbalances, oxidative stress, and defects in the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier. Current treatments for IBD often have significant limitations and adverse side effects, prompting a search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Natural products with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have demonstrated potential for IBD management. There is increasing interest in exploring food industry waste as a source of bioactive molecules with healthcare applications. In this study, a co-culture system of Caco-2 cells and PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages was used to simulate the human intestinal microenvironment. Inflammation was induced using TNF-α and IFN-γ, followed by treatment with Saffron Petal Extract (SPE). The results demonstrated that SPE significantly attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 via modulation of the NF-κB pathway. Given that NF-κB is a key regulator of macrophage-driven inflammation, our findings support further investigation of SPE as a potential complementary therapeutic agent for IBD treatment.