A new swarm optimisation algorithm, that is, fruit fly optimisation algorithm is proposed to tuned several classical controllers for multi‐area multi‐source interconnected power system under deregulated environment. In deregulated environment, for multi‐source combination of reheat thermal, hydro and nuclear generating units in each control area with appropriate generation rate constraint and AC/DC link. The performance of several controller such as integral (I), proportional‐integral, proportional‐integral‐derivative, integral‐double derivative (IDD) and proportional‐integral‐double derivative (PIDD) are compared under different power system scenario and it is found that PIDD controller performs better than other controllers. Then sensitivity analysis is performed with system parameter variation from their nominal values. Sensitivity analysis reveals that optimum gains of PIDD controller need not be reset for wide variation in system parameters.

Nowadays, the operation and control of power systems are a big challenge. An essential part of the power system (PS) control is load frequency control (LFC). Different secondary controllers are implemented for the frequency control problem. Hence, cascaded two-degree freedom and a tilt-integral-derivative controller having a filter (2DOFTIDF) are intended in this paper and implemented for load frequency control. In order to determine the efficiency of the 2DOFTIDF controller, a well-known non-reheat thermal system with/without a governor dead band is considered. A new whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used to enhance the suggested controller parameters. The predominance of the presented method is exhibited by comparing the consequences with different heuristic techniques tuned to controllers published recently. Further, the simulation results for two test cases indicate that system enactments are enhanced by introducing the suggested controller and are also best suited in the presence of system nonlinearity. Finally, random load fluctuation along with noise and changing the system parameters are also used to determine the reliability of the suggested controller. Compared to the WOA-tuned TIDF controller, the settling time of ΔF₁, ΔF_2, and ΔP_Tie is improved by 45.45%, 56.77%, and 20.26%, respectively, with the WOA-tuned 2DOFTIDF controller and by 40%, 48.27%, and 20%, respectively, with the DE-tuned TIDF controller. Experimental validation using the hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation based on OPAL-RT has been carried out to confirm the viability of the proposed approach.

In this paper, an attempt has been made for comprehensive study of proportional-integral-double-derivative(PIDD) controller to solve automatic generation control (AGC) problem by applying moth flame optimization algorithm (MFOA). At first two unequal areas of thermal system is considered and the gains of PID/IDD/PIDD controller are optimized using MFOA technique. Simulation study depicted that MFOA-optimized PIDD controller provides better system performances considering settling time, overshoot and undershoot of area frequency and deviations in tie-line power as compared to other optimization techniques considered in this paper. The generation rate constraint (GRC) is included for two-area thermal system and dynamic stability of the system is investigated and compared with recent competitive algorithms. Further, the study is extended to non-linear AGC system with diverse source of generation. Generating unit in each control area consists of hydro, thermal and nuclear generation. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the MFOA-optimized PIDD controller parameter obtained at nominal condition need not necessary to change for wide changes in system parameters and with variation in random step load perturbation.