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Dr. Francesco Campa
Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy

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0 Anthropometry
0 Body Composition
0 Growth
0 Maturity Assessments
0 Sports Performance

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Brief report
Published: 15 August 2021 in European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education
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Purpose: This observational longitudinal investigation aimed to investigate whether change in bioelectrical regional phase angle (PhA) is a predictor of change in vertical jump performance in elite soccer players. Methods: Fifteen soccer players (age: 28.7 ± 5.0 years, body weight: 82.4 ± 6.8 kg, height: 186.0 ± 0.1 cm, body mass index: 23.8 ± 1.2 kg/m2) competing in the first Italian division (Serie A) were included in this study and tested before the pre-season period and after the first half of the championship. Whole body and lower hemisoma PhA were obtained with a phase-sensitive 50 kHz bioelectrical impedance analyzer and legs lean soft tissue was estimated using specific bioimpedance-based equation developed for athletes. Vertical jump performance was assessed using the countermovement jump (CMJ). Results: The major findings of the study are that changes in lower hemisoma PhA are more strongly related with changes in jump performance (r2 = 0.617, p = 0.001) than changes in whole-body PhA (r2 = 0.270, p = 0.047), even after adjusting for legs lean soft tissue and for body mass index (β = 5.17, p = 0.004). Conclusions: These data suggest that changes in lower hemisoma PhA might be used as a tool for evaluating performance related parameters in sports where specific body segments are involved, in preference to the whole-body measured value.

ACS Style

Tindaro Bongiovanni; Athos Trecroci; Alessio Rossi; Fedon Marcello Iaia; Giulio Pasta; Francesco Campa. Association between Change in Regional Phase Angle and Jump Performance: A Pilot Study in Serie A Soccer Players. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 2021, 11, 860 -865.

AMA Style

Tindaro Bongiovanni, Athos Trecroci, Alessio Rossi, Fedon Marcello Iaia, Giulio Pasta, Francesco Campa. Association between Change in Regional Phase Angle and Jump Performance: A Pilot Study in Serie A Soccer Players. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2021; 11 (3):860-865.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tindaro Bongiovanni; Athos Trecroci; Alessio Rossi; Fedon Marcello Iaia; Giulio Pasta; Francesco Campa. 2021. "Association between Change in Regional Phase Angle and Jump Performance: A Pilot Study in Serie A Soccer Players." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 3: 860-865.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Nutrients
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This investigation aimed to compare the effects of suspension training versus traditional resistance exercise using a combination of bands and bodyweight on body composition, bioimpedance vector patterns, and handgrip strength in older men. Thirty-six older men (age 67.4 ± 5.1 years, BMI 27.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2) were randomly allocated into suspension training (n = 12), traditional training (n = 13), or non-exercise (n = 11) groups over a 12-week study period. Body composition was assessed using conventional bioelectrical impedance analysis and classic and specific bioelectric impedance vector analysis, and handgrip strength was measured with a dynamometer. Results showed a significant (p< 0.05) group by time interaction for fat mass, fat-free mass, total body water, skeletal muscle index, classic and specific bioelectrical resistance, classic bioelectrical reactance, phase angle, and dominant handgrip strength. Classic and specific vector displacements from baseline to post 12 weeks for the three groups were observed. Handgrip strength increased in the suspension training group (p< 0.01, ES: 1.50), remained stable in the traditional training group, and decreased in the control group (p< 0.01, ES: −0.86). Although bodyweight and elastic band training helps to prevent a decline in muscle mass and handgrip strength, suspension training proved more effective in counteracting the effects of aging in older men under the specific conditions studied.

ACS Style

Francesco Campa; Brad Schoenfeld; Elisabetta Marini; Silvia Stagi; Mario Mauro; Stefania Toselli. Effects of a 12-Week Suspension versus Traditional Resistance Training Program on Body Composition, Bioimpedance Vector Patterns, and Handgrip Strength in Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2267 .

AMA Style

Francesco Campa, Brad Schoenfeld, Elisabetta Marini, Silvia Stagi, Mario Mauro, Stefania Toselli. Effects of a 12-Week Suspension versus Traditional Resistance Training Program on Body Composition, Bioimpedance Vector Patterns, and Handgrip Strength in Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (7):2267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Campa; Brad Schoenfeld; Elisabetta Marini; Silvia Stagi; Mario Mauro; Stefania Toselli. 2021. "Effects of a 12-Week Suspension versus Traditional Resistance Training Program on Body Composition, Bioimpedance Vector Patterns, and Handgrip Strength in Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 13, no. 7: 2267.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: An increasing body of evidence indicates that the phase angle (PhA) can be applied as a marker of nutritional status, disease prognosis, and mortality probability. Still, it is not known whether PhA can be used as an indicator of muscular quantity and strength and maximal aerobic capacity in overweight/obese former highly active individuals, an understudied population. This study aimed to analyze the association between PhA with skeletal muscle mass, maximal isometric strength, and maximal aerobic capacity through VO2max, in overweight/obese and inactive former athletes. Methods: Cross-sectional information of 94 (62 males) former adult athletes (age: 43.1 ± 9.4 years old; body mass index: 31.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2) taking part in a weight-loss clinical trial was analyzed. Total fat and fat-free mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, while skeletal muscle mass was predicted from appendicular lean soft tissue. Values for upper- and lower-body maximal isometric strength were assessed by handgrip and leg press dynamometry. VO2max was determined by indirect calorimetry through a graded exercise test performed on a treadmill. Results: PhA was associated with skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.564, p< 0.001), upper-body strength (r = 0.556, p< 0.001), lower-body strength (r = 0.422, p< 0.001), and VO2max (r = 0.328, p = 0.013). These relationships remained significant for skeletal muscle mass (β = 2.158, p = 0.001), maximal isometric strength (upper-body: β = 2.846, p = 0.012; low-er-body: β = 24.209, p = 0.041) after adjusting for age, sex, and fat mass but not for VO2max (β = −0.163, p = 0.098). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that former athletes with higher values of PhA exhibited greater muscle mass and strength, despite sex, age, and body composition, which suggests that this simple raw BI parameter can be utilized as an indicator of muscle quantity and functionality in overweight/obese former athletes.

ACS Style

Catarina Matias; Francesco Campa; Catarina Nunes; Rubén Francisco; Filipe Jesus; Miguel Cardoso; Maria Valamatos; Pedro Homens; Luís Sardinha; Paulo Martins; Cláudia Minderico; Analiza Silva. Phase Angle Is a Marker of Muscle Quantity and Strength in Overweight/Obese Former Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6649 .

AMA Style

Catarina Matias, Francesco Campa, Catarina Nunes, Rubén Francisco, Filipe Jesus, Miguel Cardoso, Maria Valamatos, Pedro Homens, Luís Sardinha, Paulo Martins, Cláudia Minderico, Analiza Silva. Phase Angle Is a Marker of Muscle Quantity and Strength in Overweight/Obese Former Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6649.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catarina Matias; Francesco Campa; Catarina Nunes; Rubén Francisco; Filipe Jesus; Miguel Cardoso; Maria Valamatos; Pedro Homens; Luís Sardinha; Paulo Martins; Cláudia Minderico; Analiza Silva. 2021. "Phase Angle Is a Marker of Muscle Quantity and Strength in Overweight/Obese Former Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6649.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Green spaces are defined as open spaces of ground, covered by vegetation, including parks and gardens. This kind of environment is linked to many positive effects and its importance is growing due to increasing urbanization. Understanding what drives people to use green urban space is fundamental to creating appropriate campaigns to develop the use of such spaces and improve the citizens’ quality of life. A questionnaire on the attitude towards green space was developed and submitted to people from two Italian regions. Emilia-Romagna and Veneto are two regions in the North of Italy with different territorial policies. Three hundred and ten surveys were collected (167 in Emilia-Romagna and 143 in Veneto). Significant differences were observed between regions, age groups and in relation to the kind of work (p< 0.05). People from Emilia-Romagna have higher scores of attitudes towards green space than people from Veneto, underlining the importance of territorial policies. Moreover, younger participants (18–30 years) seem to be less attracted to green urban space. Being an employee seems to influence the attitude towards green space. Particular attention should be given to subjects of the younger age groups and to the number of hours spent at work. This could be an important element for future research, so that political action can be implemented with these categories in mind.

ACS Style

Alessia Grigoletto; Mario Mauro; Francesco Campa; Alberto Loi; Maria Zambon; Marzia Bettocchi; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; Laura Bragonzoni; Pasqualino Maietta Latessa; Stefania Toselli. Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6442 .

AMA Style

Alessia Grigoletto, Mario Mauro, Francesco Campa, Alberto Loi, Maria Zambon, Marzia Bettocchi, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Laura Bragonzoni, Pasqualino Maietta Latessa, Stefania Toselli. Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessia Grigoletto; Mario Mauro; Francesco Campa; Alberto Loi; Maria Zambon; Marzia Bettocchi; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; Laura Bragonzoni; Pasqualino Maietta Latessa; Stefania Toselli. 2021. "Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6442.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2021 in Biology
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Background: specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) has been proposed as an alternative bioimpedance method for evaluating body composition. This investigation aimed to verify the ability of specific BIVA in identifying changes in fat mass after a 16-week lifestyle program in former athletes. Methods: The 94 participants included in the Champ4life project (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03031951) were randomized into intervention (n = 49) and control (n = 45) groups, from which 82 athletes completed the intervention (age 43.9 ± 9.2 y; body mass index 31.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2). Fat mass was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bioelectric resistance, reactance, phase angle, and vector length were assessed by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy, and the BIVA procedure was applied. Results: A significant (p< 0.05) group x time interaction for fat mass, specific resistance, reactance, and vector length was found. Fat mass and vector length significantly (p< 0.05) decreased in the intervention group, while no change was measured in the control group. Considering the participants as a whole group, changes in vector length were associated with changes in fat mass percentage (r2 = 0.246; β = 0.33; p< 0.001) even after adjusting for age, sex, and group (R2 = 0.373; β = 0.23; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The specific BIVA approach is suitable to track fat mass changes during an intervention program aimed to reduce body fat in former athletes.

ACS Style

Francesco Campa; Catarina Matias; Catarina Nunes; Cristina Monteiro; Rubén Francisco; Filipe Jesus; Elisabetta Marini; Luís Sardinha; Paulo Martins; Cláudia Minderico; Analiza Silva. Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis Identifies Body Fat Reduction after a Lifestyle Intervention in Former Elite Athletes. Biology 2021, 10, 524 .

AMA Style

Francesco Campa, Catarina Matias, Catarina Nunes, Cristina Monteiro, Rubén Francisco, Filipe Jesus, Elisabetta Marini, Luís Sardinha, Paulo Martins, Cláudia Minderico, Analiza Silva. Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis Identifies Body Fat Reduction after a Lifestyle Intervention in Former Elite Athletes. Biology. 2021; 10 (6):524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Campa; Catarina Matias; Catarina Nunes; Cristina Monteiro; Rubén Francisco; Filipe Jesus; Elisabetta Marini; Luís Sardinha; Paulo Martins; Cláudia Minderico; Analiza Silva. 2021. "Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis Identifies Body Fat Reduction after a Lifestyle Intervention in Former Elite Athletes." Biology 10, no. 6: 524.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Bioelectric Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) can be used to qualitatively compare individuals’ hydration and cell mass independently of predictive equations. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of BIVA considering chronological age and handgrip strength in adolescent athletes. A total of 273 adolescents (male; 59%) engaged in different sports were evaluated. Bioelectrical impedance (Z), resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) were obtained using a single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water were estimated using bioimpedance-based equations specific for adolescents. Female showed higher values of R (5.5%, p = 0.001), R/height (3.8%, p = 0.041), Z (5.3%, p = 0.001), and fat mass (53.9%, p = 0.001) than male adolescents. Male adolescents showed higher values of FFM (5.3%, p = 0.021) and PhA (3.1%, p = 0.033) than female adolescents. In both stratifications, adolescents (older > 13 years or stronger > median value) shifted to the left on the R-Xc graph, showing patterns of higher hydration and cell mass. The discrimination of subjects older than 13 years and having higher median of handgrip strength values was possibly due to maturity differences. This study showed that BIVA identified age and strength influence in vector displacement, assessing qualitative information and offering patterns of vector distribution in adolescent athletes.

ACS Style

Marcus Cattem; Bruna Sinforoso; Francesco Campa; Josely Koury. Bioimpedance Vector Patterns according to Age and Handgrip Strength in Adolescent Male and Female Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6069 .

AMA Style

Marcus Cattem, Bruna Sinforoso, Francesco Campa, Josely Koury. Bioimpedance Vector Patterns according to Age and Handgrip Strength in Adolescent Male and Female Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11):6069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcus Cattem; Bruna Sinforoso; Francesco Campa; Josely Koury. 2021. "Bioimpedance Vector Patterns according to Age and Handgrip Strength in Adolescent Male and Female Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 6069.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
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We aimed to assess the effects of off-the-shelf leucine metabolite supplements on phase angle (PhA), bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns and strength during an 8-week resistance training protocol. Fifty-three male participants were allocated into 4 groups: α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (n = 12, age = 30.9 ± 9.3 years), β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (n = 12, age = 31.0 ± 9.3 years), calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (n = 15, age = 32.1 ± 5.2 years) or placebo (n = 14, age = 28.9 ± 6.6 years). Bioimpedance parameters and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for back squat and bench press were assessed at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Additionally, fat-free mass and fat mass were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. No statistically group by time interactions were found, even adjusting for age. PhA and vector did not change over the training period, while time-dependent increases were observed for 1RM back squat and 1RM bench press. A direct association was observed between PhA and 1RM bench press changes (whole sample), while PhA and strength were correlated throughout the study, even when adjusting for fat-free mass and percentage of fat mass. Leucine metabolites have no effect on PhA, BIVA patterns or strength during an 8-week resistance training program, in resistance trained subjects. The trial was registered at ClincicalTrials.gov: NCT03511092. Novelty: Supplementation with leucine metabolites is not a supplementation strategy that improves bioelectrical phase angle, cellular health, and strength after an 8-week resistance training program. When consuming a high protein diet, none of the α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid, and calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate metabolites resulted in an ergogenic effect in resistance trained men.

ACS Style

F. Campa; C.N. Matias; F.J. Teixeira; J.F. Reis; M.J. Valamatos; S. Toselli; C.P. Monteiro. Leucine metabolites do not induce changes in phase angle, bioimpedance vector analysis patterns, and strength in resistance trained men. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2021, 46, 669 -675.

AMA Style

F. Campa, C.N. Matias, F.J. Teixeira, J.F. Reis, M.J. Valamatos, S. Toselli, C.P. Monteiro. Leucine metabolites do not induce changes in phase angle, bioimpedance vector analysis patterns, and strength in resistance trained men. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2021; 46 (6):669-675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Campa; C.N. Matias; F.J. Teixeira; J.F. Reis; M.J. Valamatos; S. Toselli; C.P. Monteiro. 2021. "Leucine metabolites do not induce changes in phase angle, bioimpedance vector analysis patterns, and strength in resistance trained men." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 46, no. 6: 669-675.

Review
Published: 12 May 2021 in Nutrients
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Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.

ACS Style

Francesco Campa; Stefania Toselli; Massimiliano Mazzilli; Luís Gobbo; Giuseppe Coratella. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1620 .

AMA Style

Francesco Campa, Stefania Toselli, Massimiliano Mazzilli, Luís Gobbo, Giuseppe Coratella. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (5):1620.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Campa; Stefania Toselli; Massimiliano Mazzilli; Luís Gobbo; Giuseppe Coratella. 2021. "Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1620.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2021 in Experimental Gerontology
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Low muscle mass is associated with sarcopenia and increased mortality. Muscle mass, especially that of the limbs, is commonly estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bioimpedance analysis (BIA). However, BIA-based predictive equations for estimating lean appendicular soft tissue mass (ALST) do not take into account body fat distribution, an important factor influencing DXA and BIA measurements. To develop and cross-validate a BIA-based equation for estimating ALST with DXA as criterion, and to compare our new formula to three previously published models. One-hundred eighty-four older adults (140 women and 44 men) (age 71.5 ± 7.3 years, body mass index 27.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2) were recruited. Participants were randomly split into validation (n = 118) and cross-validation groups (n = 66). Bioelectrical resistance was obtained with a phase-sensitive 50 kHz BIA device. A BIA-based model was developed for appendicular lean soft tissue mass [ALST (kg) = 5.982 + (0.188 × S2 / resistance) + (0.014 × waist circumference) + (0.046 × Wt) + (3.881 × sex) − (0.053 × age), where sex is 0 if female or 1 if male, Wt is weight (kg), and S is stature (cm) (R2 = 0.86, SEE = 1.35 kg)]. Cross validation revealed r2 of 0.91 and no mean bias. Two of three previously published models showed a trend to significantly overestimate ALST in our sample (p < 0.01). The new equation can be considered valid, with no observed bias and trend, thus affording practical means to quantify ALST mass in older adults.

ACS Style

S. Toselli; F. Campa; C.N. Matias; Bruna Spolador De Alencar Silva; Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos; P. Maietta Latessa; L.A. Gobbo. Predictive equation for assessing appendicular lean soft tissue mass using bioelectric impedance analysis in older adults: Effect of body fat distribution. Experimental Gerontology 2021, 150, 111393 .

AMA Style

S. Toselli, F. Campa, C.N. Matias, Bruna Spolador De Alencar Silva, Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos, P. Maietta Latessa, L.A. Gobbo. Predictive equation for assessing appendicular lean soft tissue mass using bioelectric impedance analysis in older adults: Effect of body fat distribution. Experimental Gerontology. 2021; 150 ():111393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Toselli; F. Campa; C.N. Matias; Bruna Spolador De Alencar Silva; Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos; P. Maietta Latessa; L.A. Gobbo. 2021. "Predictive equation for assessing appendicular lean soft tissue mass using bioelectric impedance analysis in older adults: Effect of body fat distribution." Experimental Gerontology 150, no. : 111393.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) is believed to alter blood flow, increasing cutaneous blood perfusion, with vasodilation and hyperemia. According to these physiological mechanisms, we investigated the short-term effects of MENS on constant-load exercise and the subsequent recovery process. Ten healthy subjects performed, on separate days, constant-load cycling, which was preceded and followed by active or inactive stimulation to the right quadricep. Blood lactate, pulmonary oxygen, and muscle deoxyhemoglobin on-transition kinetics were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters, heart rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity were collected and used as a tool to investigate the recovery process. Microcurrent stimulation caused a faster deoxyhemoglobin (4.43 ± 0.5 vs. 5.80 ± 0.5 s) and a slower VO2 (25.19 ± 2.1 vs. 21.94 ± 1.3 s) on-kinetics during cycling, with higher lactate levels immediately after treatments executed before exercise (1.55 ± 0.1 vs. 1.40 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and after exercise (2.15 ± 0.1 vs. 1.79 ± 0.1 mmol/L). In conclusion, MENS applied before exercise produced an increase in oxygen extraction at muscle microvasculature. In contrast, MENS applied after exercise improved recovery, with the sympathovagal balance shifted toward a state of parasympathetic predominance. MENS also caused higher lactate values, which may be due to the magnitude of the muscular stress by both manual treatment and electrical stimulation than control condition in which the muscle received only a manual treatment.

ACS Style

Alessandro Piras; Lorenzo Zini; Aurelio Trofè; Francesco Campa; Milena Raffi. Effects of Acute Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Function and Subsequent Recovery Strategy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4597 .

AMA Style

Alessandro Piras, Lorenzo Zini, Aurelio Trofè, Francesco Campa, Milena Raffi. Effects of Acute Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Function and Subsequent Recovery Strategy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (9):4597.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandro Piras; Lorenzo Zini; Aurelio Trofè; Francesco Campa; Milena Raffi. 2021. "Effects of Acute Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Function and Subsequent Recovery Strategy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4597.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are used as non-invasive tools to enhance microcirculation and tissue oxygenation, with a modulatory influence on the microvasculature. This study aimed to measure the acute effect of PEMF on muscle oxygenation and its influence on pulmonary oxygen kinetics during exercise. Eighteen male cyclists performed, on different days, a constant-load exercise in both active (ON) and inactive (OFF) PEMF stimulations while deoxyhemoglobin and pulmonary oxygen kinetics, total oxygenation index, and blood lactate were collected. PEMF enhanced muscle oxygenation, with higher values of deoxyhemoglobin both at the primary component and at the steady-state level. Moreover, PEMF accelerated deoxyhemoglobin on-transition kinetic, with a shorter time delay, time constant, and mean response time than the OFF condition. Lactate concentration was higher during stimulation. No differences were found for total oxygenation index and pulmonary oxygen kinetics. Local application of a precise PEMF stimulation can increase the rate of the muscle O2 extraction and utilization. These changes were not accompanied by faster oxygen kinetics, reduced oxygen slow component, or reduced blood lactate level. It seems that oxygen consumption is more influenced by exercise involving large muscle mass like cycling, whereas PEMF might only act at the local level.

ACS Style

Aurelio Trofè; Milena Raffi; David Muehsam; Andrea Meoni; Francesco Campa; Stefania Toselli; Alessandro Piras. Effect of PEMF on Muscle Oxygenation during Cycling: A Single-Blind Controlled Pilot Study. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3624 .

AMA Style

Aurelio Trofè, Milena Raffi, David Muehsam, Andrea Meoni, Francesco Campa, Stefania Toselli, Alessandro Piras. Effect of PEMF on Muscle Oxygenation during Cycling: A Single-Blind Controlled Pilot Study. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (8):3624.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aurelio Trofè; Milena Raffi; David Muehsam; Andrea Meoni; Francesco Campa; Stefania Toselli; Alessandro Piras. 2021. "Effect of PEMF on Muscle Oxygenation during Cycling: A Single-Blind Controlled Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8: 3624.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: An aspect that influences sport performance is maturation status, since, within the same chronological age group, boys who have advanced maturation outperform their late maturing peers in tests of muscular strength, power, and endurance. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: (i) to investigate the differences in biological maturation and anthropometric and morphological characteristics among three groups of Italian adolescents, two of which were sportive (practicing basketball and football) and one non-sportive, and (ii) to identify the anthropometric and morphological predictors that best discriminate these three groups. Methods: Sixty-one basketball and 62 soccer players and 68 non-sportive youths were measured (mean age = 13.0 ± 1.1 y). Anthropometric characteristics were taken and body mass index, cormic index, body composition parameters, and somatotype were derived. An estimation of maturity status was carried out considering the years from peak height velocity (PHV). Two-way 3 × 3 ANOVAs was performed on all anthropometric characteristics to test the differences within sport groups and maturity status groups. Discriminant function analysis (stepwise criteria) was then applied to anthropometric and body composition variables to classify subjects into the three different sport categories. Results: Differences in anthropometric characteristics were detected among the three groups. For somatotype, differences among all of the considered groups were higher for endomorphy (p < 0.001; effect size = 0.13). Biological maturity influences the differences in the anthropometric characteristics and body composition among subjects of the same chronological age during adolescence. The variables that best discriminated the three groups were represented by body composition parameters, body proportions, and body build. Conclusions: This study confirms that boys who practice sport present healthier body composition parameters, with lower level of fat parameters. The assessment of maturity status is a fundamental factor in explaining anthropometric and body composition differences among peers in this period. Its comprehension may assist coaches and technical staff in optimizing competitive efficiency and monitoring the success of training regimes.

ACS Style

Stefania Toselli; Francesco Campa; Pasqualino Maietta Latessa; Gianpiero Greco; Alberto Loi; Alessia Grigoletto; Luciana Zaccagni. Differences in Maturity and Anthropometric and Morphological Characteristics among Young Male Basketball and Soccer Players and Non-Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3902 .

AMA Style

Stefania Toselli, Francesco Campa, Pasqualino Maietta Latessa, Gianpiero Greco, Alberto Loi, Alessia Grigoletto, Luciana Zaccagni. Differences in Maturity and Anthropometric and Morphological Characteristics among Young Male Basketball and Soccer Players and Non-Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):3902.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefania Toselli; Francesco Campa; Pasqualino Maietta Latessa; Gianpiero Greco; Alberto Loi; Alessia Grigoletto; Luciana Zaccagni. 2021. "Differences in Maturity and Anthropometric and Morphological Characteristics among Young Male Basketball and Soccer Players and Non-Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3902.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in childhood is a multidimensional construct with many sub dimensions of subjective experience, including physical activity (PA), psychological well-being, social interaction, and school performance, that represents a fundamental health outcome to assess a child’s physical and psycho-social functioning. Our study aims to explore the potential predictors of children’s health-related quality of life, using a convenience sample from the Imola Active Break Study (I-MOVE), considering demographic, anthropometric measures, PA level measured by Actigraph accelerometers, parent-reported/self-reported HRQoL, and body image. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 151 primary school children in Italy. HRQoL was assessed using the Italian version 4.0 of the Paediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) questionnaire. Results: Children who spent more time partaking in moderate PA were associated with a higher total PedsQL score (p < 0.03). Mother’s body mass index (BMI) was the only variable statistically significant associated with the physical health domain of PedsQL. Parent’s proxy-report perception concerning children’s psychosocial health was statistically relevant. The children’s gender, age, and BMI had no association with any of the HRQoL outcomes. Discussion: Parent proxy-report psychosocial health and mother’s BMI should be considered as predictors of HRQoL for the psychosocial and physical domain. PA should be implemented in order to improve the HRQoL of primary school children.

ACS Style

Alice Masini; Davide Gori; Sofia Marini; Marcello Lanari; Susan Scrimaglia; Francesco Esposito; Francesco Campa; Alessia Grigoletto; Andrea Ceciliani; Stefania Toselli; Laura Dallolio. The Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3251 .

AMA Style

Alice Masini, Davide Gori, Sofia Marini, Marcello Lanari, Susan Scrimaglia, Francesco Esposito, Francesco Campa, Alessia Grigoletto, Andrea Ceciliani, Stefania Toselli, Laura Dallolio. The Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alice Masini; Davide Gori; Sofia Marini; Marcello Lanari; Susan Scrimaglia; Francesco Esposito; Francesco Campa; Alessia Grigoletto; Andrea Ceciliani; Stefania Toselli; Laura Dallolio. 2021. "The Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3251.

Review
Published: 04 March 2021 in European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education
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This systematic review aimed to investigate the type of physical activity carried out in green urban spaces by the adult population and to value its impact on the population’s health. Additionally, another purpose was to examine if the presence of outdoor gyms in green urban spaces can promote participation in physical activity among adults. Searches of electronic databases, with no time restrictions and up to June 2020, resulted in 10 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. A quantitative assessment is reported as effect size. Many people practiced walking activity as a workout, which showed improvements in health. Walking is the most popular type of training due to its easy accessibility and it not requiring equipment or special skills. Outdoor fitness equipment has been installed in an increasing number of parks and has become very popular worldwide. Further, outdoor fitness equipment provides free access to fitness training and seems to promote physical activity in healthy adults. However, other studies about outdoor fitness equipment efficiency are needed. People living near to equipped areas are more likely to perform outdoor fitness than those who live further away. The most common training programs performed in green urban spaces included exercises with free and easy access, able to promote physical health and perception.

ACS Style

Alessia Grigoletto; Mario Mauro; Pasqualino Maietta Latessa; Vincenzo Iannuzzi; Davide Gori; Francesco Campa; Gianpiero Greco; Stefania Toselli. Impact of Different Types of Physical Activity in Green Urban Space on Adult Health and Behaviors: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 2021, 11, 263 -275.

AMA Style

Alessia Grigoletto, Mario Mauro, Pasqualino Maietta Latessa, Vincenzo Iannuzzi, Davide Gori, Francesco Campa, Gianpiero Greco, Stefania Toselli. Impact of Different Types of Physical Activity in Green Urban Space on Adult Health and Behaviors: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2021; 11 (1):263-275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessia Grigoletto; Mario Mauro; Pasqualino Maietta Latessa; Vincenzo Iannuzzi; Davide Gori; Francesco Campa; Gianpiero Greco; Stefania Toselli. 2021. "Impact of Different Types of Physical Activity in Green Urban Space on Adult Health and Behaviors: A Systematic Review." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 1: 263-275.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to compare the effects of non-sport-specific and sport-specific training methods on physical performance and perceptual response in young football players. Seventy-nine under 11 participants were selected and assigned to non-sport-specific (NSSG), sport-specific (SSG), and control (CNTG) groups. The NSSG training protocol consisted of combined stimuli based on balance, agility, and jump rope drills. The SSG training protocol included technical exercises, defensive and offensive game-based drills, and a small-sided game. The CNTG included the participants not taking part in any sport training. All participants were tested for general motor coordination (Harre test), dynamic balance (Lower Quarter Y-balance test), and dribbling before and after 10 weeks of training (NSSG and SSG) or habitual activity (CNTG). At post-intervention, perceived enjoyment was requested by the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). A two-way repeated measure analysis of covariance was used to detect interactions and main effects of time and groups controlling for baseline values. Whereas, a one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate PACES-related differences between groups. NSSG gained greater improvements (p < 0.05) compared with SSG in the Harre and Lower Quarter Y-balance tests, while dribbling skills improved similarly in both groups. Regarding PACES, NSSG and SSG presented a comparable perceived enjoyment. These findings suggest that a 10-week non-sport-specific training is an enjoyable practice capable to promote greater improvements in general motor coordination and dynamic balance compared with sport-specific training in youth football players. This can occur without impairment of football-specific skills.

ACS Style

Damiano Formenti; Alessio Rossi; Tindaro Bongiovanni; Francesco Campa; Luca Cavaggioni; Giampietro Alberti; Stefano Longo; Athos Trecroci. Effects of Non-Sport-Specific versus Sport-Specific Training on Physical Performance and Perceptual Response in Young Football Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1962 .

AMA Style

Damiano Formenti, Alessio Rossi, Tindaro Bongiovanni, Francesco Campa, Luca Cavaggioni, Giampietro Alberti, Stefano Longo, Athos Trecroci. Effects of Non-Sport-Specific versus Sport-Specific Training on Physical Performance and Perceptual Response in Young Football Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1962.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Damiano Formenti; Alessio Rossi; Tindaro Bongiovanni; Francesco Campa; Luca Cavaggioni; Giampietro Alberti; Stefano Longo; Athos Trecroci. 2021. "Effects of Non-Sport-Specific versus Sport-Specific Training on Physical Performance and Perceptual Response in Young Football Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1962.

Research article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Human-Intelligent Systems Integration
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Driving safety is recognized by society as critical for novice car drivers, with specific restrictive measures in road traffic laws and higher insurance premiums. Research has investigated how young people show deficiencies in the executive function required for driving, due to late brain maturation through adolescence and in early adulthood. Moreover, the modern lifestyle of children and adolescents, with reduced physical activity and the abuse of electronic devices, further decreases their visual motor coordination capabilities, which are fundamental in driving. This research investigates the capabilities of future car drivers in relation to their lifestyle. The experimental method was designed to collect data about the physical activity of students through questionnaires. Thereafter, their visual capabilities were evaluated with a set of field tests, namely Distance Rock, Peripheral Wall Chart and Brock String tests. Finally, their visual motor coordination was assessed with a Motor Efficiency Test. The method was adopted for an extensive study in primary, lower and upper secondary schools, over a large number of tests. The results were evaluated considering age, gender, frequency and type of practised physical activities. The development of visual motor coordination capabilities during child and adolescent growth was assessed. Frequent physical activity improves such coordination. The students practising team sports were found to be more performing, also in terms of visual performance, than the students not practising any sport or those practising individual sports. The data base encourages more extensive studies in the education system, also evaluating the same students over the years.

ACS Style

Alberto Vergnano; Ferdinando Tripi; Rita Toni; Angela Lucia Calogero; Francesco Campa. Visual motor coordination capabilities of future car drivers in relation to the practised physical activity. Human-Intelligent Systems Integration 2021, 3, 37 -54.

AMA Style

Alberto Vergnano, Ferdinando Tripi, Rita Toni, Angela Lucia Calogero, Francesco Campa. Visual motor coordination capabilities of future car drivers in relation to the practised physical activity. Human-Intelligent Systems Integration. 2021; 3 (1):37-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Vergnano; Ferdinando Tripi; Rita Toni; Angela Lucia Calogero; Francesco Campa. 2021. "Visual motor coordination capabilities of future car drivers in relation to the practised physical activity." Human-Intelligent Systems Integration 3, no. 1: 37-54.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
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Purpose: To examine whether menstrual cycle affects body composition and bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns, jumping and sprinting ability, and flexibility in elite soccer players. Methods: A total of 20 elite female soccer players (age: 23.8 [3.4] y, height: 1.63 [0.04] m, body mass: 61.4 [5.9] kg, and body mass index: 22.5 [2.4] kg/m2) were monitored during the early follicular and ovulatory phase across 2 consecutive menstrual cycles. Bioimpedance analysis was performed using foot-to-hand technology, and total body water and fat mass were determined by specific equations developed for athletes. Bioelectrical resistance and reactance were adjusted according to the BIVA procedures and plotted as a vector within the resistance–reactance graph. In addition, countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, and sit and reach were assessed. Results: A time effect (P < .05) was found for body mass, total body water, bioelectrical resistance and reactance, and flexibility. Specifically, body mass increased (P = .021) along with a gain in total body water (P = .001) from the ovulatory to the early follicular phase, while it decreased from the early follicular to the ovulatory phase during the second menstrual cycle. The BIVA vector shortened during the early follicular phases (P < .001). No change in jumping and sprinting capacity was observed (P > .05). Flexibility was impaired during the early follicular phases (P < .05). Conclusions: Specific bioelectrical impedance analysis and BIVA procedures are able to detect menstrual cycle–induced changes in body composition in elite soccer players. The early follicular phase resulted in fluid accumulations and BIVA vector shortening. In addition, while menstrual cycle did not affect performance, a fluctuation in flexibility was observed.

ACS Style

Francesco Campa; Matteo Levi Micheli; Matilde Pompignoli; Roberto Cannataro; Massimo Gulisano; Stefania Toselli; Gianpiero Greco; Giuseppe Coratella. The Influence of Menstrual Cycle on Bioimpedance Vector Patterns, Performance, and Flexibility in Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2021, -1, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Francesco Campa, Matteo Levi Micheli, Matilde Pompignoli, Roberto Cannataro, Massimo Gulisano, Stefania Toselli, Gianpiero Greco, Giuseppe Coratella. The Influence of Menstrual Cycle on Bioimpedance Vector Patterns, Performance, and Flexibility in Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2021; -1 (aop):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Campa; Matteo Levi Micheli; Matilde Pompignoli; Roberto Cannataro; Massimo Gulisano; Stefania Toselli; Gianpiero Greco; Giuseppe Coratella. 2021. "The Influence of Menstrual Cycle on Bioimpedance Vector Patterns, Performance, and Flexibility in Elite Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance -1, no. aop: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The accurate body composition assessment comprises several variables, causing it to be a time consuming evaluation as well as requiring different and sometimes costly measurement instruments. The aim of this study was to develop new equations for the somatotype prediction, reducing the number of normal measurements required by the Heath and Carter approach. A group of 173 male soccer players (age, 13.6 ± 2.2 years, mean ± standard deviation; body mass index, BMI, 19.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2), members of the academy of a professional Italian soccer team participating in the first division (Serie A), participated in this study. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed using the single frequency of 50 kHz and fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated using a BIA specific, impedance based equation. Somatotype components were estimated according to the Heath-Carter method. The participants were randomly split into development (n = 117) and validation groups (n = 56). New anthropometric and BIA based models were developed (endomorphy = −1.953 − 0.011 × stature2/resistance + 0.135 × BMI + 0.232 × triceps skinfold, R2 = 0.86, SEE = 0.28; mesomorphy = 6.848 + 0.138 × phase angle + 0.232 × contracted arm circumference + 0.166 × calf circumference − 0.093 × stature, R2 = 0.87, SEE = 0.40; ectomorphy = − 5.592 − 38.237 × FFM/stature + 0.123 × stature, R2 = 0.86, SEE = 0.37). Cross validation revealed R2 of 0.84, 0.80, and 0.87 for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, respectively. The new proposed equations allow for the integration of the somatotype assessment into BIA, reducing the number of collected measurements, the instruments used, and the time normally required to obtain a complete body composition analysis.

ACS Style

Francesco Campa; Catarina N. Matias; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Henry Lukaski; Jacopo Talluri; Stefania Toselli. Prediction of Somatotype from Bioimpedance Analysis in Elite Youth Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8176 .

AMA Style

Francesco Campa, Catarina N. Matias, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Henry Lukaski, Jacopo Talluri, Stefania Toselli. Prediction of Somatotype from Bioimpedance Analysis in Elite Youth Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Campa; Catarina N. Matias; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Henry Lukaski; Jacopo Talluri; Stefania Toselli. 2020. "Prediction of Somatotype from Bioimpedance Analysis in Elite Youth Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8176.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in Sports
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Easy-to-apply and quick methods for evaluate body composition are often preferred when assessing soccer teams. This study aimed to develop new equations for the somatotype quantification that would reduce the anthropometric measurements required by the Heath and Carter method, integrating the somatotype assessment to the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). One hundred and seventy-six male elite soccer players (age 26.9 ± 4.5 years), registered in the Italian first division (Serie A), underwent anthropometric measurements and BIA. Endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy were obtained according to the Heath and Carter method, while fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) estimated using a BIA-derived equation specific for athletes. The participants were randomly split into development (n = 117) and validation groups (n = 59, 1/3 of sample). The developed models including resistance2/stature, FM%, FFM, contracted arm and calf circumference, triceps, and supraspinal skinfolds had high predictive ability for endomorphy (R2 = 0.83, Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) = 0.16) mesomorphy (R2 = 0.80, SEE = 0.36), and ectomorphy (endomorphy (R2 = 0.87, SEE = 0.22). Cross validation revealed R2 of 0.80, 0.84, 0.87 for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, respectively. The proposed strategy allows the integration of somatotype assessment to BIA in soccer players, reducing the number of instruments and measurements required by the Heath and Carter approach.

ACS Style

Francesco Campa; Tindaro Bongiovanni; Catarina N. Matias; Federico Genovesi; Athos Trecroci; Alessio Rossi; F. Marcello Iaia; Giampietro Alberti; Giulio Pasta; Stefania Toselli. A New Strategy to Integrate Heath–Carter Somatotype Assessment with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Elite Soccer Player. Sports 2020, 8, 142 .

AMA Style

Francesco Campa, Tindaro Bongiovanni, Catarina N. Matias, Federico Genovesi, Athos Trecroci, Alessio Rossi, F. Marcello Iaia, Giampietro Alberti, Giulio Pasta, Stefania Toselli. A New Strategy to Integrate Heath–Carter Somatotype Assessment with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Elite Soccer Player. Sports. 2020; 8 (11):142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Campa; Tindaro Bongiovanni; Catarina N. Matias; Federico Genovesi; Athos Trecroci; Alessio Rossi; F. Marcello Iaia; Giampietro Alberti; Giulio Pasta; Stefania Toselli. 2020. "A New Strategy to Integrate Heath–Carter Somatotype Assessment with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Elite Soccer Player." Sports 8, no. 11: 142.

Brief report
Published: 01 October 2020 in Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
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Purpose: Bioimpedance data through bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) is used to evaluate cellular function and body fluid content. This study aimed to (i) identify whether BIVA patters differ according to the competitive period and (ii) provide specific references for assessing bioelectric properties at the start of the season in male elite soccer players. Methods: The study included 131 male soccer players (age: 25.1 ± 4.7 yr, height: 183.4 ± 6.1 cm, weight: 79.3 ± 6.6) registered in the first Italian soccer division (Serie A). Bioimpedance analysis was performed just before the start of the competitive season and BIVA was applied. In order to verify the need for period-specific references, bioelectrical values measured at the start of the season were compared to the reference values for the male elite soccer player population. Results: The results of the two-sample Hotelling T2 tests showed that in the bivariate interpretation of the raw bioimpedance parameters (resistance (R) and reactance (Xc)) the bioelectric properties significantly (T2 = 15.3, F = 7.6, p ≤ 0.001, Mahalanobis D = 0.45) differ between the two phases of the competition analyzed. In particular, the mean impedance vector is more displaced to the left into the R-Xc graph at the beginning of the season than in the first half of the championship. Conclusions: For an accurate evaluation of body composition and cellular health, the tolerance ellipses displayed by BIVA approach into the R-Xc graph must be period-specific. This study provides new specific tolerance ellipses (R/H: 246 ± 32.1, Xc/H: 34.3 ± 5.1, r: 0.7) for performing BIVA at the beginning of the competitive season in male elite soccer players.

ACS Style

Tindaro Bongiovanni; Gabriele Mascherini; Federico Genovesi; Giulio Pasta; Fedon Marcello Iaia; Athos Trecroci; Marco Ventimiglia; Giampietro Alberti; Francesco Campa. Bioimpedance Vector References Need to Be Period-Specific for Assessing Body Composition and Cellular Health in Elite Soccer Players: A Brief Report. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 2020, 5, 73 .

AMA Style

Tindaro Bongiovanni, Gabriele Mascherini, Federico Genovesi, Giulio Pasta, Fedon Marcello Iaia, Athos Trecroci, Marco Ventimiglia, Giampietro Alberti, Francesco Campa. Bioimpedance Vector References Need to Be Period-Specific for Assessing Body Composition and Cellular Health in Elite Soccer Players: A Brief Report. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2020; 5 (4):73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tindaro Bongiovanni; Gabriele Mascherini; Federico Genovesi; Giulio Pasta; Fedon Marcello Iaia; Athos Trecroci; Marco Ventimiglia; Giampietro Alberti; Francesco Campa. 2020. "Bioimpedance Vector References Need to Be Period-Specific for Assessing Body Composition and Cellular Health in Elite Soccer Players: A Brief Report." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 5, no. 4: 73.