The past decade has witnessed an increase in scientific publications investigating the potential of essential oils as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the control of plant and animal pests and disease vectors. The essential oil of Schinus molle has been the subject of various studies aimed at describing its insecticidal, acaricidal, and repellent properties. S. molle, although native to South America, is also widely distributed in countries bordering the Mediterranean. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze existing information on S. molle essential oil as a raw material for novel biopesticides and nanobiopesticides. We searched articles from PubMed, Scopus, and MDPI databases, and from 194 reports, we critically selected 33 articles produced between 2005 and 2024, representing all of the studies that aimed to evaluate the properties of the essential oil of this species as an insecticide, acaricide, and pesticide. The chemical composition varies significantly depending on origin, although two chemotypes associated with α-phellandrene and limonene appear to emerge. Data on adulticide activity and repellency are promising, and there are preliminary studies of microencapsulated forms of the essential oil that represent contemporary research trends currently under investigation. Furthermore, S. molle essential oil appears to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase inhibition effects that warrant further investigation. Finally, in this review, we have highlighted the potential of S. molle essential oil as a biopesticide, emphasizing the need to progress from a preliminary study phase to research conducted in application contexts. The conclusions of this review indicate future research trends aimed at the development of commercial products for organic and regenerative agriculture.

Schinus molle L. Essential Oil (SMEO) displays a rich scientific literature, including preliminary studies on its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. This review seeks to systematically analyze the influence of the chemotype diversity of SMEO on its biological and pharmaceutical applications, with a particular focus on antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities, and to identify research gaps for effective pharmaceutical exploitation. The article selection process was carried out in June 2025 and focused on the PubMed, Scopus, and MDPI databases, producing 176 articles, of which 51 were selected for this review. The present systematic review included the articles published in English and Spanish, with no limitations on the year of publication; data from patent and symposium abstracts were excluded. A qualitative assessment of the selected articles was carried out, including a TRL (Technology Readiness Level) analysis. The results were summarized using hierarchical cluster analysis and a strategic patent search tree, and were processed into tables, graphs, and a heat map, which enabled discussions and proposals for new research trends to be developed. The chemical composition varies significantly depending on the production area, climatic conditions, and seasonality, but the presence of two prevalent chemotypes is evident, α-phellandrene and sabinene, respectively. Data on antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activity were promising, and some formulation prototypes are available, pointing toward the potential development of pharmaceutical and veterinary products. The use of nanotechnology appears to be crucial for the potential pharmaceutical application of SMEO, but further studies are needed. Specifically, further investigation of the properties of SMEO or its components in wound healing applications could represent a new research trend. This review highlights the state of the art of pharmacological research on SMEO and suggests future research directions with a view to develop formulations suitable for safety and efficacy improvements.

Climate change is reshaping global viticulture, and Latin America—characterised by highly diverse climates and uneven scientific and technological capacities—faces differentiated adaptation pressures. This systematic review synthesises peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 across Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, and Brazil. Using the PRISMA methodology, 43 articles were identified and classified into four adaptation pathways: (1) vineyard expansion into new areas, (2) adaptive agronomic management, (3) protection against extreme climate events, and (4) technological innovation and climate monitoring systems. Results show that, although all four pathways are represented, scientific evidence is strongly dominated by agronomic strategies such as irrigation optimisation, canopy and phenology management, soil conservation, biodiversity enhancement, and the use of drought-tolerant rootstocks or microbial bioinputs. In contrast, key non-agronomic dimensions—including economic feasibility, territorial planning, governance arrangements, and ecosystem-based approaches—remain underexplored, limiting the development of integrated and scalable adaptation frameworks. Spatial expansion toward higher elevations and cooler latitudes is advancing in several regions but is constrained by water availability, frost risk, and insufficient territorial assessments. Technological innovation, particularly climate monitoring and decision-support tools, is progressing rapidly, although accessibility gaps persist for small and medium-scale producers. Overall, this review highlights a critical research gap and underscores the need for territorially grounded, interdisciplinary adaptation strategies that integrate agronomic, socio-economic, and institutional dimensions.