This paper presents a comprehensive method of extracting thermal to electrical parameters that appear in a thermoelectric module (TEM). A step-by-step procedure was developed and followed to succinctly extract the parameters needed to model the TEM. These parameters include the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal resistance, and thermal conductivity from a datasheet. Data extracted from the manufacturer datasheet, material properties, and geometries were successfully utilized to compute the thermal capacities and resistances necessary to perform the thermal to electrical conversion steps required for simulation accuracy. In addition, temperature variations of the intrinsic internal parameters were accounted for in this process. The aforementioned extracted parameters are compatible with the LTspice circuit simulator and other related software. The steps that it takes to simulate any thermo-electrical system with the LTspice simulator are not only found to be of two kinds, but are also thoroughly explained in this paper.

A smart and decentralized electrical system, powered by grid-connected renewable energy (RE) with a reliable storage system, has the potential to change the future socio-economic dynamics. Climate change may, however, affect the potential of RE and its related technologies. This study investigated the impact of climate change on photovoltaic cells’ temperature response and energy potential under two CO₂ emission scenarios, RCP2.6 and 8.5, for the near future (2024–2040) and mid-century (2041–2065) in Togo. An integrated Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) from the CORDEX-CORE initiative datasets has been used as input. The latter platform recorded various weather variables, such as solar irradiance, air temperature, wind speed and direction, and relative humidity. Results showed that PV cells’ temperature would likely rise over all five regions in the country and may trigger a decline in the PV potential under RCP2.6 and 8.5. However, the magnitude of the induced change, caused by the changing climate, depended on two major factors: (1) the PV technology and (2) geographical position. Results also revealed that these dissimilarities were more pronounced under RCP8.5 with the amorphous technology. It was further found that, nationally, the average cell temperature would have risen by 1 °C and 1.82 °C under RCP2.6 and 8.5, in that order, during the 2024–2065 period for a-Si technology. Finally, the PV potential would likely decrease, on average, by 0.23% for RCP2.6 and 0.4% for RCP8.5 for a-Si technology.

Most developing countries' electric power system is stressed by an unprecedented demand growth as well as obstacles that call for urgent actions. Therefore, tackling the present-day power-related challenges and ensure dependable and safe electricity may result in improving living conditions. This research aims to comprehend the primary factors that impede power companies in emerging economies and propose ways of addressing them with a focus on Togolese electricity system as a case study., The methodology utilized to study a complex and dynamic system like electricity sector is an integrated model composed of a survey and review of available literature, an interview with energy experts and the SWOT/PESTLE analysis to perform an in-depth and all-encompassing analysis. The study revealed that the electrification poverty was 39.47 % at countrywide level that requires an additional power of 220.95 MW to that of 2021 to achieve 100 % of electricity access by 2030. Moreover, the system's performance is hindered by a number of internal and external bottlenecks. They include but not limited to limitations in policies and regulations; technical difficulties in the transmission, distribution and off-grid subsystems; insufficient investments; and a lack of incentives and taxes rebates. In light of these findings, a model prioritizing a resilient power system was proposed for transforming the outdated power infrastructure in developing countries laying stress upon energy mix planning, transmission and distribution subsectors innovation and effective regional collaboration.

Step-by-step methods to properly size an off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system along with the estimation of lifecycle greenhouse gas (LC GHG) emissions of various power plants were attempted. The methodology focused on an average individual and then scale up the results to a household, a community, or the entire country. Given the high per capita energy of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the main goals of studying an off-grid PV system in combination with a suitable energy storage system were 1) to smooth out the intermittent solar power, 2) to defer part of the peak load to a time when it is needed most, and 3) to urge policy makers and investors to prepare for the near future energy transition. The current real per capita energy consumption, average household size, and total population data were utilized to conduct this study. Therefore, overall results revealed that with an average panel generation factor (PGF) of 5.74, 46 panels would suffice in conjunction with 35 batteries of 48V or 140 batteries of 12V to satisfy the daily energy needs of an average resident. Results also showed that, by switching to the abundant and cheap solar energy, the current GHG emissions would likely be cut down by eleven (11) times.

Energy storage systems are one of the major components in today's grid-tied photovoltaic technology. The most widespread ESSs are the batteries mounted on electric vehicles. Second-life batteries, regardless of the technology, are less expensive than new battery packs. The proper sizing of concentrated photovoltaic buffers and the true economic feasibility need to be investigated thoroughly before any large-scale photovoltaic grid integration. This paper investigates the economic performance of grid-tied concentrated photovoltaics and buffers. Simulation results show that not only is the combined unit capable of connection to the grid during the day at a constant 20 kW, but also was able to shift the less valuable off-peak electric supply to the on-peak supply, where the cost of electricity was higher. This paper addresses (1) techniques behind battery-sizing scenarios, (2) battery-parameter calculations involved in concentrated photovoltaic output smoothing and/or electrical load shifting, and (3) used electric vehicle battery cost estimation. Estimates of the cost effectiveness could be positive if the energy storage system battery pack prices drop to $375/kWh or lower.