The use of artificial intelligence in orthodontics is emerging as a tool for localizing cephalometric points in two-dimensional X-rays. AI systems are being evaluated for their accuracy and efficiency compared to conventional methods performed by professionals. The main objective of this study is to identify the artificial intelligence algorithms that yield the best results for cephalometric landmark localization, along with their learning system. A literature search was conducted across PubMed-MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science. Observational and experimental studies from 2013 to 2023 assessing the detection of at least 13 cephalometric landmarks in two-dimensional radiographs were included. Studies requiring advanced computer engineering knowledge or involving patients with anomalies, syndromes, or orthodontic appliances, were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) tools. Of 385 references, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria (1 diagnostic accuracy study and 12 retrospective cohorts). Six were high-risk, and seven were low-risk. Convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based AI algorithms showed point localization accuracy ranging from 64.3 to 97.3%, with a mean error of 1.04 mm ± 0.89 to 3.40 mm ± 1.57, within the clinical range of 2 mm. YOLOv3 demonstrated improvements over its earlier version. CNN have proven to be the most effective AI system for detecting cephalometric points in radiographic images. Although CNN-based algorithms generate results very quickly and reproducibly, they still do not achieve the accuracy of orthodontists.

Turner Syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects females when one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing. Due to high genetic and phenotypic variability, TS diagnosis is challenging and is often delayed until adolescence, resulting in poor clinical management. Numerous oral, dental and craniofacial anomalies have been associated with TS, yet a comprehensive description is still lacking. This study addresses this gap through a detailed analysis of oral health and craniofacial characteristics in a cohort of 15 females with TS and their first-degree relatives. Subjects with TS ranged from 3 to 48 years old, none showed evidence of periodontal disease and only the youngest was in mixed dentition. Using the Multifunction System, we identified an aggregation of multiple signs and symptoms in each TS subject, including tooth anomalies (supernumerary molars, agenesis, microdontia, enamel defects, alterations in eruption patterns -advanced and delayed for chronological age-, crowding, rotations and transpositions), malocclusion (class II/1 and II/2) and Class II facial profile, while relatives exhibited fewer manifestations. The early detection of these signs and symptoms is crucial for appropriate referral and the optimal clinical management of TS, especially during the critical period of 9 to 10 years when congenital dental anomalies appear. The use of an established taxonomy to describe these phenotypic features is essential for early detection. Multidisciplinary teams are required to ensure holistic care management in rare diseases like TS.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between the study-specific Cl-Na/Cl-Ba cranial-base angle and segmental cervical organization in adults, considering both inclination and sagittal spatial position, and to explore whether longitudinal changes in cervical inclination differed among morphocranial groups over the observed orthodontic treatment interval. Materials and Methods: Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms from 297 adult orthodontic patients obtained in natural head position were analyzed. Cranial-base morphology was operationally classified using the Cl-Na/Cl-Ba angle into brachycephalic (124°) groups. Segmental cervical inclination (C2–C5) and horizontal and vertical vertebral coordinates were recorded. Intergroup differences were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis tests with Dunn–Holm post hoc comparisons and effect-size estimates. Associations between the continuous cranial-base angle and cervical variables were evaluated using Spearman correlations. Longitudinal changes in cervical inclination were examined using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for sex, age, cervical segment, and repeated measurements. Results: The continuous cranial-base angle was inversely correlated with all segmental inclination variables (ρ = −0.213 to −0.333; p ≤ 0.002). Spatial coordinates showed larger associations, particularly for vertical positioning (C2 Y: ρ = −0.653; p < 0.001). Morphocranial groups differed in segmental inclination and spatial coordinates, with the largest effect sizes observed for upper cervical vertical variables. In the mixed-effects model, time was significant (p = 0.014), and morphocranial pattern remained independently associated with cervical inclination (p < 0.001). No significant time × morphocranial-pattern interaction was observed (p = 0.184). Conclusions: In this retrospective adult orthodontic sample, the study-specific cranial-base angle was associated with segmental cervical inclination and sagittal spatial coordinates, with the largest associations observed in the upper cervical region. The longitudinal model provided no evidence of differential longitudinal changes in cervical inclination among morphocranial groups over the observed interval. These findings are observational and do not establish a causal cranio-cervical mechanism or a treatment-specific effect. Segmental angular and spatial variables may be complementary descriptive measures when interpreting cranio-cervical cephalograms.

This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic molar tubes bonded using conventional, hydrophilic, and self-etch adhesives under dry and saliva-contaminated conditions, while also assessing the impact of shear force direction. Extracted molars were bonded with Transbond XT™ (T), Transbond MIP™ (M), or Scotchbond Universal™ (S) under dry or saliva-contaminated conditions. Debonding was performed at 90° or 45°, introducing a clinically relevant but underexplored variable in orthodontic bond-strength testing. ARI scores were assessed via stereomicroscopy and visual inspection. Statistical tests (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney) showed no significant SBS differences among adhesives under identical conditions (p > 0.05). However, all adhesives exhibited significantly reduced SBS under saliva contamination (p < 0.001; T: 5.4 vs. 4.1 MPa; M: 5.7 vs. 3.6 MPa; S: 5.5 vs. 4.5 MPa). In dry conditions, SBS was significantly higher with 45° debonding (p < 0.05). Under contamination, SBS varied by ARI score (p = 0.05), with ARI 0 specimens showing higher SBS than ARI 3. These findings confirm that moisture reduces bond strength across adhesive types, while 45° force application enhances SBS under dry conditions. ARI score variability under contamination may reflect complex failure modes.

Background/Objectives: Restricted tongue mobility may require lingual frenotomy; postoperative scarring can cause secondary restriction, making rehabilitation relevant. We evaluated tongue mobility and pressure after frenotomy with adjunctive myofascial rehabilitation, and their association with adherence. Methods: This retrospective observational longitudinal study analyzed anonymized records of 64 patients aged 5–46 years treated between 2021 and 2024. All underwent frenotomy followed by a structured Myofascial Release Technique (MRT) protocol. Tongue mobility (Tongue Elevation at Maximal Mouth Opening, TEMMO) and tongue pressure (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument, IOPI) were assessed at baseline and at up to four follow-up visits (≈15 months). Adherence was classified retrospectively as high (≥3 home MRT sessions/week) or low. Results: Among V4 completers (n = 30), mean IOPI increased from 35.4 to 49.0 kPa and mean TEMMO improved from 3.1 to 1.4; 66.7% achieved TEMMO grade 1. Higher adherence was associated with better final tongue pressure (52.7 vs. 43.5 kPa; mean difference, 9.2 kPa; 95% CI, 0.8–17.6; p = 0.032). No postoperative complications were documented. Conclusions: Lingual frenotomy with adjunctive MRT-based rehabilitation was associated with favorable tongue-function changes and better adherence with better long-term outcomes among completers. Prospective controlled studies are needed to clarify the contributions of surgery, rehabilitation, and adherence.

Proprioception contributes to body position, balance, movement control, sensory spatial localization and multisensory integration. Interactions between the stomatognathic and visual systems through trigeminal afferents have been demonstrated. This exploratory study investigated whether oral proprioceptive stimulation influences visual perception and modulates sound-induced visual changes under binocular dissociation. Thirty-eight healthy adults participated. The Vertical Maddox Test (VM), which induces binocular dissociation and increases reliance on ocular proprioception, assessed visual perception during four experimental phases: baseline without stimulation, sound stimulation, simultaneous sound and oral proprioceptive stimulation, and oral proprioceptive stimulation alone. Oral proprioceptive stimuli (OPS) comprised combined oral stimuli (COS), involving tongue and lip positions, and dental stimuli (DS), consisting of controlled pressure or traction applied to the incisors. None of the participants reported visual pseudo-scotomas (VS; i.e., small, transient visual losses) at baseline, whereas 89.5% (95% CI [75.9, 95.8]) reported VS under at least one experimental condition. VS was reported by 60.5% (95% CI [44.7, 74.4]) during sound stimulation and by 81.6% (95% CI [66.6, 90.8]) under at least one oral proprioceptive condition. Among participants with sound-induced VS, 78.3% (95% CI [58.1, 90.3]) achieved VS elimination with at least one oral proprioceptive stimulus while sound continued. Elimination was achieved with DS only in 21.7% (95% CI [9.7, 41.9]), with COS only in 8.7% (95% CI [2.4, 26.8]), and with both in 47.8% (95% CI [29.2, 67.0]). Among participants who responded to both stimulus types, complete, partial, and no concordance between anatomically equivalent stimulations were observed in 45.5% (95% CI [21.3, 72.0]), 45.5% (95% CI [21.3, 72.0]), and 9.1% (95% CI [1.6, 37.7]), respectively. These exploratory findings support functional sensory interactions between the visual and stomatognathic systems and suggest that oral proprioception may influence visual perception and modulate sound-induced visual changes. They also suggest broader oral sensory contributions to central sensory processing.