Climate crisis is well evidenced with important consequences at the local scale. Often, climate risk assessment and adaptation measures at the national or regional level do not account for local climate impacts and cross-sectoral challenges. This paper presents the findings of a year-long study involving the local community of the Municipality of Sitia in Crete (Greece) in climate change risk assessment and adaptation policymaking. Three coherent workshops produced a citizen-based risk assessment and revealed stakeholders’ perceptions about existing policies from the Regional Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Crete (RCCAPC), addressing climate change impacts on vulnerable economic sectors (agriculture, water, biodiversity, tourism), their effectiveness or lack thereof. It also looks at their ability to suggest solutions regarding the effects of climate change. The study emphasizes how climate hazards affect Sitia’s social elements and, in order to find any differences, reported perceptions were compared with the RCCAPC. By doing so, the research breaks new ground in the participatory formulation of environmental policies that are well-informed, place-based, and climate-sensitive, reflecting a dynamic synthesis of public engagement, scientific research, and practical policy implementation.

This study presents a comprehensive wildfire risk assessment framework for Rhodes Island, Greece, aimed at quantifying the impacts of climate change on hazard levels and vulnerability in a typical Mediterranean environment. The approach integrates Fire Weather Index (FWI) data, detailed fuel-type mapping, and multiple vulnerability indicators covering ecological, socioeconomic, and population factors, enabling spatially explicit estimates of current and future wildfire risk. Historically, Rhodes mostly faces moderate wildfire risk, mainly in central and northeastern regions, with localised areas of higher risk near settlements and key economic sites. Climate forecasts for 2025–2049 predict a notable increase in hazard, with areas experiencing extreme fire weather (FWI > 50) increasing from 15.19% to 66–72%, across all emission scenarios. Ecological vulnerability is particularly alarming, as 93% of the island is already highly susceptible; fire-prone forest and agricultural zones are expected to move into the highest ecological risk categories, especially in the central mountain areas. The devastating 2023 wildfire, which burned over 17,600 hectares, caused more than €5.8 million in direct damages and led to the largest evacuation in the island’s history, closely aligning with high-risk zones modelled in the framework. An important insight is the limited spatial variation in near-future risk between RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, indicating that significant wildfire intensification is largely unavoidable by mid-century, emphasising the urgent need for quick adaptation and risk mitigation efforts for Mediterranean critical infrastructure and communities.

Metabolic adaptations to complex perturbations, like the response to pharmacological treatments in multifactorial diseases such as cancer, can be described through measurements of part of the fluxes and concentrations at the systemic level and individual transporter and enzyme activities at the molecular level. In the framework of Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA), ensembles of linear constraints can be built integrating these measurements at both systemic and molecular levels, which are expressed as relative differences or changes produced in the metabolic adaptation. Here, combining MCA with Linear Programming, an efficient computational strategy is developed to infer additional non-measured changes at the molecular level that are required to satisfy these constraints. An application of this strategy is illustrated by using a set of fluxes, concentrations, and differentially expressed genes that characterize the response to cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibition in colon cancer cells. Decreases and increases in transporter and enzyme individual activities required to reprogram the measured changes in fluxes and concentrations are compared with down-regulated and up-regulated metabolic genes to unveil those that are key molecular drivers of the metabolic response.

According to the recent IPCC report, the Mediterranean, and consequently the region of Sitia, is one of the European “climate hotspots”. Its complex geomorphology and multiple locations with very distinct microclimate characteristics make high-resolution climate projections critical for the appropriate determination of effective local adaptation policies. The paper demonstrates the significance of the dynamical downscaling of climate information from 20 km × 20 km to a 5 km × 5 km scale of temperature, precipitation, drought, and fire risk for the region of Sitia and present, near-, and far-future climate projections using RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.

Mathematica notebooks and data for journal article "Integrating systemic and molecular levels to infer key drivers sustaining metabolic adaptations". The zip file contains two Mathematica notebooks (“Wolfram Mathematica 11/12”; www.wolfram.com) and excel files with data for the generation of the final domains for Fig 2 (glycolysis-case) and Fig 4 and 5 (cancer-case). In order to reproduce the calculations for these figures, the Mathematica notebook “DomainSolver.nb” is provided to solve the final domains and identify negative and positive signs starting from calculated control coefficients and initial values. This makes the procedure fully reproducible, permitting the generation of the final domains used in Fig 2 (glycolysis-case) and Figs 4 and 5 (cancer-case). The notebook contains an interactive script that requires to open two (glycolysis-case) or three (cancer-case) excel files (xlsx) with: 1) one matrix (glycolysis-case) or an ensemble of control-coefficient matrices (cancer-case); 2) list of initial domains (glycolysis-case and cancer-case); and 3) additional constraints for individual activities (only cancer-case, Eq (13) and (14)). Also, a second Mathematica notebook, “ControlSolver.nb”, is provided to generate the control coefficients by random sampling of metabolite elasticities for the cancer-case study. This notebook contains another interactive script that requires to open one (cancer-case) excel file (xlsx) with a description of the network structure, flux values, disequilibrium ratios, substrate/product competitive inhibitions (Substrate competitions), inhibitors, activators, and moiety conservations. Two documents are provided with the instructions for use.