Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide, and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and diabetes distress are common co-morbidities that negatively impact the quality of life, complications, and treatment outcomes of patients with DM. Objectives: In this study, we assessed the impact of dietary patterns and physical activity on the well-being of patients with DM. Methods: A cross-sectional design and data from the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) data collected in Hungary in 2019, and determination of the relationship between dietary habits and physical activity-related variables contained in the data and the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5 index) by suitable statistical methods. Results: Logistic regression showed higher odds of poor mental well-being in females (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.08–2.42) and lower odds with daily fruit intake (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31–0.89). Infrequent white meat (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.35–8.22) and dairy intake (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.18–2.64) were associated with poorer well-being. Walking 4–7 days/week reduced the odds by 57% (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.23–0.83). Conclusions: The results demonstrate that regular exercise and the consumption of fruits, dairy products, and white meat have beneficial effects on the mental well-being of patients with DM.

Background and aim Hungary has the fifth highest cancer incidence rate in the European Union, with an age-standardized rate (ASR) of 336.7 per 100,000 according to GLOBOCAN 2022. Additionally, Hungary holds the highest cancer mortality rate in the EU, with an ASR of 148.1 per 100,000. This study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic, lifestyle, and chronic disease-related factors affecting cancer prevalence in the Hungarian population. Materials and methods Data from the 2009, 2014, and 2019 installments of the European Health Interview Survey conducted in Hungary were pooled, resulting in a representative sample of 16,480 individuals. Weighted multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the data, with goodness of fit assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The best-fitting models were further evaluated using ROC analysis to calculate the Area Under the Curve (AUC) to assess discriminative ability. Results Urban residency was associated with higher cancer odds in 2014 (OR 1.85 [CI: 1.08–3.16]) and the pooled data (OR 1.44 [CI: 1.08–1.9]). Employed individuals had lower odds of cancer (2014: OR 0.34 [CI: 0.16–0.74]; pooled: OR 0.64 [CI: 0.45–0.92]). Among comorbid conditions, peptic ulcer (2009: OR 1.74 [CI: 1.13–2.69]; 2019: OR 3.2 [CI: 1.58–6.47]; pooled: OR 1.83 [CI: 1.31–2.54]) and chronic liver disease (2009: OR 3.52 [CI: 1.73–7.17]; pooled: OR 2.5 [CI: 1.4–4.47]) were significantly associated with higher cancer odds. Reporting bad health was linked to increased cancer risk (2009: OR 2.92 [CI: 1.87–4.58]; 2014: OR 5.52 [CI: 3.23–9.45]; 2019: OR 2.23 [CI: 1.26–3.95]). Conclusion Comorbid conditions such as peptic ulcer and chronic liver disease significantly increase cancer risk in Hungary. Urban residents require targeted preventive measures, and unemployment should be addressed. Early detection through appropriate screening and effective management of comorbid conditions are essential to prevent escalation and reduce overall cancer prevalence.

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are often diagnosed late, leading to poor prognosis. Chronic inflammation, particularly periodontitis, has been linked to carcinogenesis, but systemic inflammatory markers remain underexplored. This study was the first to examine whether elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) can serve as a cost-effective adjunct in HNC risk assessment, alongside oral health indicators. A retrospective cohort study analysed 23,742 hospital records (4833 patients, 2015–2022) from the University Hospital of Debrecen. HNC cases were identified using ICD-10 codes, with CRP and periodontitis as key predictors. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, log-rank tests, and Weibull regression were used to assess risk, with model performance evaluated via AIC/BIC and ROC curves. Periodontitis was significantly associated with HNC (HR 5.99 [1.96–18.30]), while elevated CRP (>15 mg/L) independently increased risk (HR 4.16 [1.45–12.00]). Females had a significantly lower risk than males (HR 0.06 [0.01–0.50]). CRP may serve as a cost-effective, easily accessible biomarker for early HNC detection when combined with oral health screening. Integrating systemic inflammation markers into HNC risk assessment models could potentially improve early diagnosis in high-risk populations.

Background: Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, initially designed for type 2 diabetes, promote glucose excretion and lower blood glucose. Newer analogs like empagliflozin and dapagliflozin improve cardiovascular outcomes through mechanisms other than glycemic control, including blood pressure reduction and anti-inflammatory effects. Given the high cardiovascular risk present in diabetes, our study aims to emphasize the cardioprotective benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors as a preventive therapy for heart failure (HF) in high-risk T2DM patients. Methods: Using data from 2542 patients identified by the ICD-10 E11 code from 2016 to 2020, this longitudinal study excluded those with E10 codes or those undergoing insulin treatment to focus on non-insulin-dependent T2DM. a multiple logistic regression model assessed HF incidence while adjusting for demographics and HbA1c. Results: SGLT-2 inhibitor use significantly lowered the odds of heart failure events (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31–0.99, p = 0.046), with a significant difference by gender (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.28–0.71, p = 0.001) and eGFR (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99, p = 0.004). Conclusions: The real-world data highlight SGLT-2 inhibitors as promising for HF prevention and broader cardiometabolic health in T2DM, with potential value in managing complex comorbid profiles.

Background/Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem and the third leading contributor to mortality worldwide. This systematic review aims to summarize the results of previous studies tackling the question of the efficacy of long-term prophylaxis of antibiotics in COPD patients, with particular regard to exacerbation rate, time to first exacerbation, health status, airway bacterial load, inflammatory markers, cell counts in sputum samples, and potential adverse events. Results: Four studies found significant improvement in the exacerbation rate in patients receiving antibiotic intervention. One study found doxycycline to have negative effects on patients’ exacerbation outcomes. Two studies recorded a reduction in total airway bacterial load using quantitative culture of sputum samples, but the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increased in all studies that measured it. No change in inflammatory markers was observed; however, there was a decline in neutrophil cell counts and, subsequently, reductions in neutrophil elastase concentrations. Methods: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for English-language studies presenting data on the prophylactic use of antibiotics in COPD management. All included studies are randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meet the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: Based on current evidence from RCTs, the prophylactic antibiotic approach utilizing macrolides is the most effective in reducing the incidence of COPD exacerbation. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is notable. Whether the beneficial effects of macrolides on exacerbation are due to their antibacterial or immunomodulant properties is still inconclusive. Future studies are needed to better understand the interactions between antibiotics and the airway microbiome during COPD exacerbation.

Background/Objectives: Oral diseases are highly prevalent in Hungary and driven in part by unhealthy beverage consumption, smoking, and other behaviors. No prior study has examined the impact of beverage consumption patterns on oral health in a representative Hungarian population. This study investigated the association between beverage intake, lifestyle factors, and oral health outcomes among Hungarian adults. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2019 Hungarian European Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Oral health outcomes and key exposures, including beverage consumption, smoking, alcohol use, and sociodemographic variables, were self-reported. Associations were assessed using multiple logistic regression models. Results: Among 5425 adults, higher dairy intake was linked to less gum bleeding (odds ratio = 0.76; 95% confidence intervals [0.59–0.96]) and lower odds of teeth missing (0.63 [0.47–0.86]). Weekly juice intake reduced gum bleeding (0.62 [0.51–0.76]) and missing teeth (0.83 [0.71–0.96]). Daily soda was associated with more gum bleeding (1.94 [1.53–2.47]), caries (1.57 [1.27–1.94]), and poor self-perceived oral health (1.32 [1.10–1.59]). Alcohol (1–4 times/week) increased gum bleeding (1.38 [1.07–1.77]) and tooth mobility (1.47 [1.02–2.11]). Smoking raised odds for caries (1.42 [1.21–1.66]) and missing teeth (1.81 [1.55–2.10]). Conclusions: Increasing dairy and fresh juice intake while reducing sugar-sweetened and acidic beverages, alongside tobacco and alcohol control and routine oral health screening, are effective strategies for improving population oral health across all sociodemographic groups.