Locally administered steroids have a long history in ophthalmology for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Anterior segment conditions tend to be treated with topical steroids whilst posterior segment conditions generally require periocular, intravitreal or systemic administration for penetration. Over recent decades, the clinical applications of periocular steroid delivery have expanded to a wide range of conditions including macular oedema from retino‐vascular conditions. Formulations have been developed with the aim to provide practical, targeted, longer‐term and more efficacious therapy whilst minimizing side effects. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the types of periocular steroid delivery, their clinical applications in ophthalmology and their side effects.

To describe two cases of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) occurring after administration of COVID-19 vaccine.Case Report.Two patients presented soon after receiving their second-dose ...

To report a case of bullous central serous chorioretinopathy presenting with large choroidal effusions. A patient presented with typical features of bullous central serous chorioretinopathy with large choroidal effusions. He had a previous history of bullous central serous chorioretinopathy in his other eye. The condition worsened after a short course of oral prednisolone, consistent with central serous chorioretinopathy. Surgical management with sclerectomies resulted in resolution of serous retinal detachment, choroidal effusions and subfoveal fluid. We report choroidal effusions as a potential manifestation of central serous chorioretinopathy which may aid in our understanding in the pathogenic mechanisms of this condition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that surgical sclerectomies as a potential treatment option for serous retinal detachment and choroidal effusions in this condition.

Purpose: To describe ocular features and long-term follow-up in a patient with microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and KIF11 mutation. Methods: Multimodal imaging including fundus color photography, autofluorescence, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, visual fields, electrophysiologic assessment, and neuroimaging. Results: A 44-year-old man with microcephaly and long-standing poor vision in his right eye presented for general ophthalmic review. Fundus examination revealed bilateral, symmetrical, inferior, atrophic chorioretinal lacunae, outer retinal and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, curvilinear streaks, and retinal arteriolar sheathing. These findings were documented over a 3-year period by multimodal imaging and showed slow progressive deterioration in visual acuity, visual field testing, and fundus autofluorescence appearance. Genetic testing confirmed a KIF11 gene mutation. Conclusion: Curvilinear streaks and retinal arteriolar sheathing in this patient expand on the more typical fundus findings of KIF11 mutations. The outer retina is preferentially involved, and there is anatomical sparing of the macula until later in the disease state when multifocal electroretinography indicates functional impairment. Lacunae represent scleral depressions with the loss of overlying choroid and outer retina. Slow atrophic progression with loss of vision may occur over time.