Iodine, a dynamic nutrient present in thyroid hormones, is responsible for regulating thyroid function, supporting a healthy metabolism, and aiding growth and development. Iodine is also essential for brain development during specific time windows influencing neurogenesis, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, myelination, neuronal migration, and synaptogenesis. About 1.5 billion people in 130 countries live in areas at risk of iron deficiencies (IDs). Reduced mental ability due toIDs occurs in almost 300 million people. Ensuring the consumption of minimum recommended daily allowances of iodine remains challenging. The effects ofIDdisorders range from high mortality of fetuses and children to inhibited mental development (cretinism). Poor socioeconomic development and impaired school performance are also notable. Currently,IDdisorders are the single greatest contributor to preventable brain damage in fetuses and infants and arrested psychomotor development in children. Iodized salt may help fulfill iodine requirements. Increases in food salt iodization programs can help overcomeIDdisorders. Dietary plans can be well adjusted to incorporate iodinated foods. Maternal iodine supplementation for offspring requires adequate attention. Fruits, vegetables, bread, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, seafood, lean meats and poultry, and soy products provide small quantities of iodine. Nutrient‐dense foods containing essential vitamins and minerals such as iodine may confer positive effects. To some extent, fortified foods and daily dietary supplements can be provided for different nutrients including iodine; otherwise, iodine may be consumed in less than the recommended amounts. This review focuses on aspects of adequate iodine consumption to avoid cognitive impairments.

Neurochemistry refers to the chemical processes that occur in the brain and nervous system. This section of study determines how neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. The brain transfers numerous chemical information via neurons to communicate. The main role of neurochemistry activities takes place in the brain, which allows it to perform numerous actions. Foundation of brain is a little bit different from man to man and several things can play a role in the levels of various neurotransmitters in the brain. It is supposed that differences in brain chemistry may accountable for a variety of behavioral disorders. A particular cell called neurons is the basis of brain. Neurotransmitters have the capability that it can trigger when ordered to do so, along with receptors for specific neurotransmitters. By sending messages with neurotransmitters to signal various cell activities, brain perform its functions. Neurotransmitter spreads chemical messages from neuron to neuron to broadcast certain work and thus it works. A neuron may accept many chemical messages, both positive and negative from the other neurons contiguous it. They are accountable to get the neuron to reply in different ways, or they may work combine to produce a certain effect. Since all of this occurs just within a split second, the neurotransmitter must be cleared away rapidly so that the same receptors can be activated again and again. Psychoactive drugs work by briefly influencing a man's neurochemistry, which thusly causes changes in a man's mind-set, cognition, perception and behavior. Neuropeptides are endogenous protein molecules that are utilized for neuronal signaling. These molecules exert more prolonged and diverse effects on behavior than neurotransmitters. Therefore the objective of this appraisal is to show study of the brain’s chemical makeup especially neurotransmitters, psychopharmaceuticals, neuropeptides and their activities to nervous tissue.

Oxidative stress is the leading cause of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer´s disease (AD). The plant Persicaria flaccida (PF) is known in Bengali as red Biskatali belongs to family Polygonaceae. Preliminary studies have shown the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective activities of Biskatali. In this consequence, methanolic extract of PF (MEPF) was selected to explore the ability of this plant to enhance cognitive functions, brain antioxidant enzymes and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity which can be used for the treatment of AD. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of MEPF on cognitive performance, brain antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activity in rats by using behavioral and biochemical study. Treatment with MEPF (i.e., 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) was investigated for 14 days in Swiss albino male rats and its effects on different types of memory were examined using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, Passive Avoidance (PA) test, Morris Water Maze (MWM) test as well as level of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in rat brain tissue homogenates. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined by colorimetric method. Administration of highest dose of MEPF significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) decreased retention transfer latency (RTL) of rats on 7th and 14th day compared to the control group in EPM test. In PA test highest dose of MEPF meaningfully (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased step-through latency (STL) of rats on 7^th, 12^th, 13^th and 14^th day with respect to control group. Both doses of MEPF markedly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) decreased escape latency (EL), increased time spent in the target quadrant (TSTQ) and time spent in the annuli (TSA) of rats on successive days as compared to that of control group in MWM test. MEPF administration, especially highest dose significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) increased the level of CAT, SOD, GSR, GST & GSH-Px and considerably (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) decreased TBARS level & AChE activity in the brain tissue homogenates of rats compared to the control group. Behavioral and biochemical studies suggest that MEPF promotes cognitive function by improving different types of memory and reduces oxidative stress by increasing the level of brain antioxidant markers and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Therefore, this plant extract can be used for enhancing memory in neurodegenerative disorders like AD.

Overexpression and persistent activation of STAT5 play an important role in the development and progression of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common pediatric cancer. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of STAT5 represents a promising therapeutic approach for ALL to overcome the limitations of current treatment modalities such as high relapse rates and poor prognosis. However, to effectively transport siRNA molecules to target cells, development of potent carriers is of utmost importance to surpass hurdles of delivery. In this study, we investigated the use of lipopolymers as non-viral delivery systems derived from low molecular weight polyethylenimines (PEI) substituted with lauric acid (Lau), linoleic acid (LA) and stearic acid (StA) to deliver siRNA molecules to ALL cell lines and primary samples. Among the lipid-substituted polymers explored, Lau- and LA-substituted PEI displayed excellent siRNA delivery to SUP-B15 and RS4;11 cells. STAT5A gene expression was downregulated (36–92%) in SUP-B15 and (32%) in RS4;11 cells using the polymeric delivery systems, which consequently reduced cell growth and inhibited the formation of colonies in ALL cells. With regard to ALL primary cells, siRNA-mediated STAT5A gene silencing was observed in four of eight patient cells using our leading polymeric delivery system, 1.2PEI-Lau8, accompanied by the significant reduction in colony formation in three of eight patients. In both BCR-ABL positive and negative groups, three of five patients demonstrated marked cell growth inhibition in both MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays using 1.2PEI-Lau8/siRNA complexes in comparison with their control siRNA groups. Three patient samples did not show any positive results with our delivery systems. Differential therapeutic responses to siRNA therapy observed in different patients could result from variable genetic profiles and patient-to-patient variability in delivery. This study supports the potential of siRNA therapy and the designed lipopolymers as a delivery system in ALL therapy.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a promising strategy as the siRNA molecule can specifically target proteins involved in abnormal cell proliferation. The development of a clinically applicable method for delivering siRNA molecules is imperative due to the challenges involved in effectively delivering the siRNA into cells. We investigated the delivery of siRNA to AML MOLM-13 cells with the use of two lipid-substituted polyethyleneimines (PEIs), a commercially available reagent (Prime-Fect) and a recently reported reagent with improved lipid substitution (PEI1.2k-PHPA-Lin9). The siRNAs utilized in this study were targeting the oncogenes FLT3 and KMT2A::MLLT3. Both lipopolymers gave similar-size siRNA complexes (210–220 nm) with positive ζ-potentials (+17 to +25 mV). While the binding efficiency of both lipopolymers to siRNA were similar, PEI1.2k-PHPA-Lin9 complexes were more resistant to heparin-induced dissociation. The quantitative analysis of gene silencing performed by qPCR as well as immunostaining/flow cytometry indicated significant reduction in both FLT3 expression and FLT3 protein after specific siRNA delivery. The desired inhibition of cell growth was attained with both FLT3 and KMT2A::MLLT3 siRNAs, and the combination provided more potent effects in both cell growth and colony formation assays. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed after specific siRNA treatments using the Annexin V assay. Using Luc(+) MOLM-13 cells, the growth of the xenografted cells was shown to be retarded with Prime-Fect-delivered FLT3 siRNA, unlike the siRNA delivered with PEI1.2k-PHPA-Lin9. These results demonstrate the potential of designed lipopolymers in implementing RNAi (via delivery of siRNA) for inhibition of leukemia growth and provide evidence for the feasibility of targeting different oncogenes using siRNA-mediated therapy.