The increasingly serious imbalance between the supply and demand of water resources necessitates the establishment of a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation method for industrial water use efficiency (WUE). In this study, a general method for industrial WUE evaluation on an enterprise scale was proposed by combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy weight method (EWM), and self-organizing map (SOM), and it was tested in several areas of Zhejiang Province, China. The results show that the composite indexes generated using the AHP and EWM were different and were employed as the input of the SOM to divide enterprises into four categories. Most enterprises were classified as Class A, with a relatively high WUE, accounting for 82.5% of the total, while those in Class D, with a relatively low WUE, only accounted for 0.5% of the total. Furthermore, the differences in WUE for industry classification and spatial distribution were also analyzed. The classification results of several industries were more diverse, especially for those industries in which water plays an important role in production. Moreover, the spatial distribution of WUE classifications also implied that the clustering of enterprises has a positive effect on the improvement in WUE. In other words, it is feasible to improve WUE through industry clustering and sub-industry management. In summary, a comprehensive, detailed evaluation of industrial WUE was conducted on an enterprise scale, which can also be applied to other areas and used as a reference for local water resource managers for formulating targeted policies.

The classified water pricing system is an effective measure for promoting the rational utilization of water resources under market mechanisms. Studying the water prices of three different types of water sources, including reservoir water, river water, and wastewater treatment plant effluent, is the basis for promoting the use of reclaimed water. However, there remains a spectrum of viewpoints on how to establish a pricing mechanism for reclaimed water at present. This study primarily focuses on the multi-level quality-separated water supply system in Yiwu City, China. It analyzes the limitations of the current water pricing formation mechanism and the externality of integrating reclaimed water into the unified allocation of multiple water sources. Based on the principles of full-cost water pricing and externality theory, a supply-side classified water pricing permit cost and pricing calculation model, covering the entire process of the social water cycle, is proposed. It focuses on the analysis of the impact of equity costs and environmental costs on supply-side classified water pricing. The Shapley value method is used for the technology of cost allocation among stakeholders to reasonably distribute the calculated water pricing of reclaimed water. The price of reclaimed water varies depending on the user type, with residential users paying 2.93 CNY/t, industrial users 4.00 CNY/t, and government allocations at 8.52 CNY/t. Compared with the classified water prices of various stakeholders on the user side of reservoir water, reclaimed water has a significant price advantage. This research demonstrates that the supply-side classified water pricing model, which includes a permit cost and pricing calculation framework, can encourage the supply of higher-quality water at corresponding higher prices, while also providing the internalization of external costs. Furthermore, the Shapley value method of cost allocation can realize the fair burden of stakeholders on the calculated water price and maintain the competitive advantage of reclaimed water prices.

Global warming has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme high-temperature events, with evolution patterns differing substantially under various temperature–humidity combinations. This study used observational data from 21 meteorological stations in Zhejiang Province (1980–2019) and applied a mutually exclusive classification framework based on dual thresholds of dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures to categorize extreme high-temperature events into dry-type (DHW), humid-type (HHW), and compound-type (CHW). The results show that DHW frequency, duration, and intensity all exhibited significant increasing trends, with frequency rising at 0.32/10a and intensity at 1.92 °C/10a. HHW occurred with low frequency and showed no significant trend across the study period. CHW intensity increased significantly at 2.85 °C/10a, while frequency and duration remained stable. Spatially, DHW concentrated in northern and central inland areas, whereas CHW dominated along the eastern coastal belt, reflecting the contrasting influences of land–sea thermal contrast and moisture availability. Urbanization showed significant positive correlations with all DHW indicators and negative correlations with HHW trends, indicating an amplifying effect on dry heat through surface warming and reduced evapotranspiration, and a suppressive effect on humid heat through reduced surface moisture availability. These findings demonstrate that the intensification of extreme heat in this region is dominated by dry-type events, and that urbanization plays a dual role in amplifying dry heat while suppressing humid heat, providing a scientific basis for differentiated heat risk management and climate-adaptive urban planning.