(1) Background: Chronic pain in children remains an under-researched area, especially compared to acute pain. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of pediatric chronic pain and their impact on the well-being of both children and their families. Given the growing interest in integrative treatments to reduce reliance on pharmacological solutions, this review addresses the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. (2) Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, covering studies published between 2019 and 2024 from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. Eligible studies included children aged 2 to 18 years with chronic pain who received non-pharmacological interventions. Data were extracted on intervention types, participant characteristics, and outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB2 for randomized trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies. (3) Results: A total of 11 studies involving 1739 children were included, assessing interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, personalized psychosocial follow-up programs, hypnotherapy, music therapy, and digital tools. The results demonstrated significant reductions in pain severity, improvements in emotional and physical well-being, and high patient satisfaction. However, the generalizability of findings was limited by the small sample sizes and variability in study designs. (4) Conclusions: Non-pharmacological interventions appear effective in managing pediatric chronic pain, offering improvements in pain reduction and quality of life. Further research is needed to optimize these approaches and confirm their long-term benefits across diverse populations. These interventions represent promising alternatives or complements to pharmacological treatments in pediatric pain management.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Conocer la evolución de la formación académica de la enfermería española (1850-1950), describiendo los cambios que la transformaron en profesión sanitaria. MÉTODO Investigación histórica en la modalidad exploratoria-descriptiva, con análisis e interpretación de información obtenida en bases de datos electrónicas, archivos nacionales, provinciales y municipales, Boletines Oficiales y Bibliotecas. RESULTADOS En 1850 coexistían diferentes categorías sanitarias, sin embargo, el título de enfermera no surgió hasta 1915. Con el auge que alcanzó la Salud Comunitaria durante esa época, en 1924, se funda la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, creándose en 1932 las especialidades de Enfermero Psiquiátrico, Enfermeras Pediátricas y Enfermeras Visitadoras. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Entre 1915 y 1950 los profesionales de enfermería poseían formación universitaria, por tanto, a través del conocimiento científico estos sanitarios adquirieron una identidad propia dentro de las profesiones de la salud. Se logró proporcionar una asistencia especializada para el cuidado de personas.

Background: During the 19th century, the economic transformations caused by the Industrial Revolution led to a rise in pauperism among vulnerable populations. This phenomenon negatively impacted the health of these populations. Objective: To conduct a historiographical review of Concepción Arenal’s thinking from a nursing perspective. Methodology: This social, historical, and qualitative research focused on the delivery of holistic nursing care to vulnerable individuals based on Concepción Arenal’s social thinking. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Results: Arenal’s book La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad advocated for the delivery of nursing care at home. To oppose the repulsion caused by hospitals and nursing staff in the 19th century, Arenal supported that nursing care should be carried out by well-educated and trained professional nurses. Conclusion: Arenal was a highly accomplished woman in the field of law. Currently, her ideas are gaining traction within the field of health, particularly in the areas of social and community health. Marco contextual: Durante el siglo XIX, la transformación económica derivada de la revolución industrial provocó el pauperismo en las personas vulnerables, hecho que les deterioró su salud. Objetivo: Revisar historiográficamente el pensamiento de Concepción Arenal Ponte, desde una perspectiva enfermera. Metodología: Investigación social, histórica y cualitativa, relacionada con los cuidados de enfermería proporcionados de una forma holística a la persona vulnerable, a través del pensamiento social de Concepción Arenal. Recopilación de información: en fuentes primarias y secundarias. Resultados: Su obra La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad es una defensa cerrada del cuidado del paciente en su domicilio. Y para evitar la repulsa que, por entonces, causaban los hospitales y el personal de enfermería, Arenal defendió que dicho cuidado fuese realizado por enfermeras profesionales bien formadas y entrenadas. Conclusión: El pensamiento de Arenal, mujer muy destacada dentro del campo del derecho, comienza a ser actualmente muy relevante dentro del campo sanitario y cobra un especial interés tanto en el área social como en el área de la salud comunitaria. Enquadramento: A transformação económica provocada pela revolução industrial, originou inúmeros avanços no campo da tecnologia, no entanto, a nível sociológico determinou a emergência do pauperismo entre as pessoas vulneráveis, deteriorando a sua saúde. Objetivo: Efetuar uma revisão histórica sobre o pensamento de Concepción Arenal a partir da perspetiva da enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo social, histórico e qualitativo com foco na provisão de cuidados de enfermagem holísticos baseados no pensamento social de Concepción Arenal. Os dados foram recolhidos em fontes primárias e secundárias. Resultados: O seu livro La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad constitui-se como uma defesa empenhada dos cuidados ao paciente em casa. Arenal defende que esses cuidados deveriam ser realizados por enfermeiros profissionais bem treinados de modo evitar a aversão causada pelos hospitais e pessoal de enfermagem na época. Conclusão: Arenal foi uma mulher de grande sucesso na sua área do direito. Atualmente, as suas ideias e contributo estão a ganhar relelvância no campo da saúde, particularmente nas áreas da saúde social e comunitária.

Enquadramento: A humanidade teve de enfrentar m?ltiplas pandemias, que se espalharam rapidamente e produziram altas taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: Comparar o impacto socio-sanit?rio da gripe espanhola de 1918 e SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: Investiga??o hist?rico-descritiva, relacionada com a gripe de 1918 e SARS-CoV-2. Recolha de informa??o: protocolos de sa?de; an?lise: organiza??es internacionais, livros e artigos cient?ficos. Foi realizada uma an?lise interpretativa por datas e eventos do per?odo de estudo. Resultados: A gripe espanhola ocorreu durante tr?s fases, a primeira em mar?o de 1918 e a ?ltima em 1919. SARS-CoV-2 come?ou em Wuhan (China) em dezembro de 2019; teve a sua maior propaga??o em mar?o de 2020 e espera-se um novo surto. At? julho 2020, a gripe espanhola tem tido o maior n?mero de v?timas, embora ambas as pandemias tenham tido repercuss?es mundiais, com muitas pessoas a morrer. Conclus?o: A falta de conhecimento sobre estas patologias, a aus?ncia de tratamento e vacina, bem como a escassez de recursos para a grande procura de doentes, t?m sido um desafio global.

Background/Objectives: Adolescent sexuality is multidimensional, yet brief instruments assessing attitudes, experiences, and contextual influences from a biopsychosocial perspective remain limited. This study aimed to develop the Comprehensive Questionnaire on Attitudes, Experiences, and Contexts of Adolescent Sexuality (CIAECSA) and examine its content validity, comprehensibility, feasibility, internal consistency, and exploratory internal structure. Methods: A cross-sectional methodological study comprised three phases: theoretical delimitation and generation of 30 initial items; content evaluation by nine experts and semantic validation with 26 adolescents; and pilot administration to 51 adolescents from educational settings in Toledo, Spain. The pilot sample included 35 females (68.6%), 15 males (29.4%), and one gender-fluid participant (2.0%), aged 12–17 years (mean = 14.41; SD = 1.72). Content validity, perceived clarity, feasibility, Cronbach’s alpha, and principal component analysis with Varimax rotation were examined. Results: The final questionnaire comprised 18 items across three domains: sexuality/gender/anatomy, emotional/physical pain, and self-care/environment. The scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.955, and mean perceived clarity was 4.53/5. The mean completion time was 5.52 min. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.800, 0.780, and 0.740 for the three domains and 0.715 for the total scale. The KMO was 0.659, Bartlett’s test was significant (p < 0.001), and an exploratory three-component solution, examined against the prespecified domains, explained 51.4% of the variance. Conclusions: The findings provide favorable evidence of content validity, comprehensibility, feasibility, and internal consistency. The CIAECSA may help identify educational needs and psychosocial factors related to adolescent sexuality, although its internal structure and additional measurement properties require examination in larger, balanced, and independent samples.

ACFP-DP was developed to assess parental attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about pediatric pain. In this methodological cross-sectional study, an initial item pool was appraised by 7 of 20 invited experts and pilot-tested in 41 parents and guardians of hospitalized children. Experts rated clarity, pertinence, and relevance; I-CVI, S-CVI/Ave, and modified kappa coefficients were calculated. Mean I-CVI was 0.89 (range, 0.71-1.00), S-CVI/Ave values were 0.878 for clarity, 0.905 for pertinence, and 0.899 for relevance, and modified kappa ranged from 0.66 to 1.00. Overall self-reported comprehensibility was 94.9%. These findings provide preliminary evidence of content validity and high pilot comprehensibility, but not full psychometric validation. Further studies should assess reliability, structural validity, construct validity, and score interpretation before broader use.